A Short Paper on the Inside the Solar System Essay

A Short Paper on the Inside the Solar System - Essay Example It will focus on Karl Tate’s article on the solar system, presented in 2011 at space.com. The solar system comprises of eight planets and five dwarf planets. This is according to a valid astronomers count (Tate, 2011). Some of the terrestrial planets include Mars, Neptune and the inner planets also called the Jovian planets. Dwarf planets are small in size. The sun is the closest planet to planet earth and the largest object in the solar system. The sun is orbited by eight planets. Meteors and meteoroids are strip of lights commonly referred to as falling or shooting stars although they are not stars. They consist of small pieces of rocks or metals that come from space into the sky and move at a remarkably high speed. Comets are larger than meteors. They move at a much lower rate and have tails. Comets consist of mostly ice and rocks. Asteroids are small rocky objects with round or irregular shapes (Tate, 2011). In conclusion, the publication shows the beauty and the science behind what is observed from time to time in the

Macro Economics Wall Street Journal Article Essay

Macro Economics Wall Street Journal Article - Essay Example It could not however be fully associated with higher future income or enrollment in schools (Da Costa ‘Wall Street Journal’). The lives and welfare of these disadvantaged groups in America were however changed for the better. The macroeconomic value of the ‘Summer Jobs Program for the Poor Youth’ is closely linked to the economic theories of Business Cycles and Unemployment. Investing in the summer jobs programs for the disadvantaged youths led to changes in the cycles of business and unemployment in America. Unemployment, which is a major factor affecting the young population in America is significantly reduced as more youths get opportunities for employment. Increased income and savings will see more young people venture into individual business investments. Resultantly, more cycles of business will arise. The underlying assumption is that by being part of the active production, these disadvantaged youths lower their risks of imprisonment and death. Lowered cases of imprisonment and mortality imply an increased labor force provided by the prime-aged population and hence higher productivity. The economy’s business cycles and unemployment trends will, therefore, be

White Collar Crime: The Influences of the Social Class

White Collar Crime: The Influences of the Social Class Introduction When it comes to talk about crime, a lot of people will relate to the street crimes including burglary, robbery, and assault. However, more and more people complain that an increasing number of white-collar crimes exits in our society nowadays, such as false advertising, tax evasion, and insider stock trading. Write-collar crimes are very complicated issues which can harm victims both directly and indirectly without the victims even knowing it (Benson 3). It affects individuals, all levels of government, and all sectors of society, and brings about a considerate impact on the problems and concerns, and fears of the country. According to the sociological textbook Sociology: The Points of the Compass, this paper will use the sociology viewpoint which is from Chapter 5 to analyze how the white-collar crimes influence of the social class. The first section of the paper provides an overview on the concept of white-collar crimes. In the second section we will look at the severity of the white-collar crimes. Finally, we will analyze the social characteristics of white-collar offenders. The definition of white-collar crime The term of white-collar crime is original introduced by Professor Edwin H. Sutherland of Indiana University in 1939, which is crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. (Rosoff 2) Sutherland also defines two important facts of the white-collar crime. First, he points out that the white-collar offenders are in the upper social status and more powerful (Rosoff 2). Second, he refers the fact that the justice system is inclined to employ a very different procedural apparatus for dealing with white-collar offenders (Rosoff 3). Persons who violate laws regarding restraint of trade, advertising, pure food and drugs, and similar practices are not arrested by uniformed policemen, are not tried in criminal courts, and are not committed to prisons; this illegal behavior receives the attention of administrative commissions and of courts operating under civil or equity jurisdiction. (Rosoff 3) White-collar crime is also called commercial crimes committed by people exclusively for personal gain (Hackler 231). Herbert Edelhertz is official at the U.S. Department of Justice in 1970, who points out an offense-based of white-collar crime theory (Benson 7). He defines white-collar crime is an illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by non-physical means and by concealment or guile to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage (Benson 7). However, more and more criminologists argue with the Edelhertzs offense-based approach, in which an increasing number of white-collar crimes also physically harms and violences on their victims, like both the manufacture of dangerous products and the maintenance of unsafe working environments are important types of white-collar-crime (Benson 13). The Severity of the White-Collar Crime Actually, the white-collar crimes have caused much more serious results and damaged more of our society than any other kind of crimes. Even in societies that celebrate the importance of the individual, the power of authority can be surprisingly strong (Wicks 42). The white-collar criminals have more authorization to access cooperations asserts or governments confidential documentation; They build their plan precisely and accurately; They can operate their crime process for a long time because of very hard to be discovered. Therefore, a huge loss and harm have been made, when the police stop their crime eventually in most cases of white-collar crime. Louis R. Mizell, Jr., a former Special Agent and Intelligence Officer with the U.S. Department of State, he refers white-collar criminals exists anywhere in peoples life (Mizell). Consider the following studies: Every year an average of $160 million is stolen or embezzled from schools and colleges all over the country. Insurance fraud property, casualty, and health is a $95 billion-a-year scam Credit card fraud costs taxpayers nearly $3 billion per year. Dishonest lawyers pocket more than $14 billion annually More than $21 billion is being stolen from charities each year. Source from: (Mizell) These survey data shows us the fact that the white-collar crimes cost more serious than the street crime. White-collar crime results in few prosecutions and still fewer convictions for two main reasons. First, much white-collar crime takes place in private and is therefore difficult to detect. Second, corporations can afford legal experts, public relations firms, and advertising agencies that advise their clients on how to bend laws, build up their corporate image in the public mind, and influence lawmakers to pass laws without teeth. Moreover, even when prosecutions are successful, the punishment is usually light. (Brym 138) Furthermore, there are many indirect aspects resulted by white-collar crime in our society which widely cause more damages than the direct impacts. Many white-collar criminals work in backbone enterprises of a country and hold an important position in it, the criminal activities they acted not only hurt their employers, but also created a lot of harm for millions customers using their services. In some cases, it will affect the reputation of the country or cause the international conflict because of their actions. The victims families also are hurt made by those white-collar criminals. Sometimes, this harm is even more virtual than the direct victims themselves, for example, victims children grow up in the shadow of the harm against their family by criminals, they will have more resentment and negative emotions to the society when they gown up. They maybe because next criminal when those resentment explored one day. The public will loss the confidence to the government if the white-collar crime keeps increasing. People always believe it the governments responsibility to maintain the low crime rate in the society especially the white-collar crime which crime is made by the best class of citizens in the society. The Social Characteristics of White-Collar Offenders Social status is a relative term in the sense that people can be ranked as having more or less of it, depending on their income, education, and occupation. (Benson 164). Sutherland focus on persons of the upper socioeconomic classes, and respectability and social status (Benson 163). Most of the white-collar offenders are in the high social status, which have high level education, high occupation, and high income. In the Yale study, they summarize the main conclusions about the white-collar offenders. First, the typical white-collar offender is a middle-aged white male: 85.5% are more likely to be white, the average age of 40, and 85.5% are male (Benson 31). Second, on average white-collar offenders are better educated and more likely to be employed than common criminals: 79.3% are high school graduates, 27.1% are college graduates and 58.4$ are steadily employed (Benson 31). White-collar crime is committed disproportionately by people from middle and upper classes (Brym 138). The social class conflicts also reflect to the white-collar crimes: the abuse of power. The Marxians conflict theory tends to construe every social conflict and every measure of social power as an expression, device, or function of economic struggle (Silverman 173). It indicates white-collar offenders abuse their power and uses their social status advantages to harm victims. Actually they do more harm, cost more money, and ruins more lives than assaults, thefts, and rape (Hackler 231). The upper class offenders exists widespread of institutions, including business, government, the medical profession, even religious organizations; and they role the remarkably diverse set of actors, like captains of industry, politicians, doctors, cops, and computer hackers (Rosoff 19). Conclusion In Chapter 5 of the Sociology: The Points of the Compass summaries that knowledge and high position in society cant guarantee person keep away from white-collar crimes. The more capability the person has the more damage he/she made when this capability is used in commercial criminality. So, it is very important for teaching the public not only just the skills and knowledge which will find a job in future, but also teaching them what is the correct morality and values in society.

buffalo soldiers Essay examples -- essays research papers

Buffalo Soldiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Buffalo Soldiers Museum has been opened approximately for 4 years now. The purpose of the museum is to explain the history and outstanding contributions the buffalo soldiers have made for the United States of America. The Buffalo Soldiers represented the first black professional solders in a peacetime army. The recruits came from several backgrounds including former slaves and veterans from service in the Civil War. These African Americans have served proudly in every great American war. In 1866, they created six African American army units. The units were identified as the 9th and 10th cavalry and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st infantry regiments. The white officers served with these regiments because the army would not let blacks command any troops. The Buffalo Soldiers were around many thousands of people of every race who helped to build the United. These soldiers were Americans serving their country. The soldiers served there country with pride when their country treated them unfairly for there skin color The Native Americans discovered the nickname for the soldiers. The Soldiers wore thick, furry buffalo hides in the wintertime. They were wrapped up with their dark skin and curly hair they reminded the Indians of buffalos. Also the Native Americans admired the strong and dentiful buffalo. The Buffalo Soldiers accepted their nickname with pride. The Buffalo Soldiers Museum had an exhibits demonstrating how the sold...

Moral compass Essay

In my past 18 years, I have been living in an environment that people telling me what should I do and what should I not to do. My mum taught me to be a good role model for my younger sister, my dad told me to study hard so I can have a good future. By going to school, teachers teach me that what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ from the textbook and I have also been learning that from the TV, newspaper and radio. The mass media is always a channel for me to receive what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ about the social. For example, there are critics about the politics, environmental issues etc.From time to time, my moral compass had been shaped by my parents and the social norms. Human beings always place their own interest on the top priority while thinking of what they should do. My moral compass go wrong without recognising that it had done so because I wanted to satisfy my own wish and do something that others taught me was ‘wrong’ before. I remember I was at the age of seven, I went to a stationary shop with my parents and I discovered a beautiful ruler. I begged my parents to buy it for me but they said it was too expensive and I had already got a lot of rulers at home so they refused to buy. At that moment, my moral compass told me not to steal the ruler because it is illegal to do so. However, I really liked the ruler so I put it inside my pocket secretly when no one is looking at me. It was the first and the last time I steal from a shop. After I went back home, I found out that the ruler was not as beautiful as the time I first glanced on it. I just steal it because of a moment f wanting to own it. I am still keeping the ruler until now in my drawer because I wanted to remind myself that I should not do something wrong because of greed. I want to be perfect at all times. I think I am a typical Virgo because Virgo is always seeking for the perfection. Therefore, I would like to try my best not to do anything disappoint the others which bring a big pressure to me. At home, I have a younger sister and my parents always tell me to be a role model for her to follow. When I was small, I was the only child in my home so I can do whatever I like as long as my parents allow me to do so. Now, I have to behave well in front of my sister. My moral compass tells me what to do as a good sister and this always stop me from what I really want to do in my heart. It upsets me because ‘role model’ has become a burden for  me to do something I really like. For example, I would like to learn street dance but my mother rejected it with not to affect adversely on my sister. She thought that I should put more effort on studying but not something which is not related to academic. In school, I am the pianist of the school choir and I am responsible for the playing the piano part in different occasion. When I was in form 1, I was told to be the pianist for the Speech Day and it really affected my life in secondary school a lot. Since all the pianists playing in Speech Day were in Form 5 before, I became the youngest pianist ever in my school. People questioned why I can stand on the stage because they think I am not qualified for that. I would like to do my best every time on stage so that people would agree with me and understand the effort that I have paid. As a result, I have tremendous pressure as my moral compass tells me to perform well before going out to perform as there are a lot of people looking at me and I would want to show them I am excellent player. Moral compass is easily affected by others. I am a person always get lost although I know clearly what should I do. I went to the Occupy Central movement last week for a consecutive five days. When I was small, my parents always tell me about the bad things of Chinese government, for instance, how they control the press and people’s freedom. My moral compass has been shaping since that time by absorbing the comments on the Chinese government and I think that being against the leftist is correct. So at that time, I thought I am a Hong Kong student who should be fighting for Hong Kong democracy so I should stand out. I know that the movement would affect the neighbourhood as this will disturb their life and bring them inconvenience, however, I still believe that civil disobedience is the only way to help with Hong Kong’s future. However, the comments and critics from radio and newspaper saying that the Occupying movement only bring harm to the society rather than benefit. I started to questioned myself â€Å"Am I really doing the right thing?† and this makes me hesitate to join the protest sometimes. On the other hand, my parents support me joining the protest as they think it is right to fight for justice. Therefore, I am always in a situation which is not sure about am I doing what I suppose to do because my moral compass changes once I receive different comment from the others. To sum up, moral compass is good because it comes out by listening to the others from time to time in order to give me a view of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. It guides me to what is correct and remind me what do do every time when I am facing dilemma. However, moral compass maybe a limit for me as I want to please the others so I give up doing something I actually want to do. I am still learning not to be affected by the others easily and believe in my own moral compass.

Chartered Accountant in Montreal

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this report is to help me prepare for a career as a chartered in Canada, specifically in a firm in Montreal. I would like to graduate from John Molson School of Business with a grade point average that is higher than three so that I can then apply to the CA program and become a chartered accountant. Before I do all that, I need to get as much information as possible about the job and about the business field in general. In this report I will be using many different sources that will help me gain the information and the experience that I need.The first source is a book called â€Å"Successfully Managing your Accounting Career† by Henry Labus. â€Å"Montreal Financial: Small Business Accounting and Financial Consulting† is the blog that I will be using for this report from: http://www. montrealfinancial. ca/blog/. Accountants World Do More Do better is the discussion forum from: //www. accountantsworld. com/newforums/. The newsletter that I will be using is called The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter (www. accounting-and-bookkeeping-tips. com). â€Å"Issues in Accounting Education† is the peer reviewed journal that I am using for this report (http://aaahq. rg/pubs/issues. htm). As a primary source, my friend Michael Lewin will be available to help me in my career. The charitable organization I would like to volunteer for is the synagogue Hekhal Shalom. As an additional source I found the† Association Canada† (http://0-site. ebrary. com. mercury. concordia. ca/lib/concordia/docDetail. action? docID=10413264) repertoire where I can find association that have to do with the accounting job in Canada. A bar graph demonstrates how Montreal is the best city for continuing my education after my bachelor so that I can become a CA.A survey is also provided so that chartered accountants in Montreal can actually help me by telling me what they went through. Purpose Statement The purpose of this repor t is to help me prepare for a career as a chartered accountant in Canada, specifically in a firm in Montreal. BOOK REFERENCE Title: Successfully Managing Your Accounting Career Author: Henry Labus Date and Location of Publication: 1988 URL: http://www. flipkart. com/successfully-managing-your-accounting-career-book-0471633887 DescriptionThis book is about how life would be when I become an accountant; it basically explains everything there is to know about living the life of an accountant; such as: career planning, balancing home and career life, what is going on in the accounting fields. Justification This is the most relevant book for my specific carer search because it gives me a head up on what is coming up in my career plans and it gives me insight on the job itself and shows me what it is like. Most accountants have a hectic lifestyle and this book should show me how to balance my career and my personal life. BLOGTitle: Montreal Financial: Small Business Accounting and Financi al Consulting Author: Ronika Khanna, Chartered Accountant and Chartered Financial Analyst URL: http://www. montrealfinancial. ca/blog/ Date & Time Last Viewed: Sunday November 7, 2010 Date of Most Recent Post: Thursday, November 4, 2010 Description This blog gives me general information about what is going on in the accountancy field and in business in general. It has many different categories that allow me to easily browse the blog. The author post fun and interesting information about accounting and financial related issues.Justification This is the most relevant blog for my specific career search because if I read the post that the author is making, it can give me a better understanding of the field that I am looking forward to work in. I can learn many different things that not everyone is aware of and that way I can have competitive advantage knowledge in my field. DISCUSSION FORUM Title: Accountants World Do More Do better URL: http://www. accountantsworld. com/newforums/ Date & Time Last Viewed: Friday November 5, 2010 Date of Most Recent Post: Friday November 5, 2010Moderated: Not Indicated Description This discussion forum informs me about many different topics in accountancy such as: auditing, ethics, taxation, technology, financial planning and much more. It shows me the full discussion about the topic that I choose and it is very easy to understand. Justification This is the most relevant discussion forum for my specific career search because, I can learn about every different aspect of the field; in order to become a chartered accountant in Montreal, I need to know as much as I can, and get as much help as I can get.It is also a great networking tool and an easy way to find different opinions from professionals in the accounting workforce. NEWSLETTER Title: The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter Author: N/A Subscription URL: http://www. accounting-and-bookkeeping-tips. com/accounting-basics-newsletter. htm Frequency of Distribution: Weekly Date & Time Last Viewed: Friday November 5, 2010 Date of Most Recent Issue: Sunday November 7, 2010 Description This online newsletter sends weekly e-mails about all sorts of different subjects that directly relate to my future career plans.It gives me marketing opportunities in the accounting industry; it shows me how to get involved in the business world and how to sell myself as a professional. Justification This is the most relevant newsletter for my specific career search because it only sends me valuable information about the accounting job but it also gives me tips and ideas of how to make myself work and shape me for my future profession. This newsletter keeps me up to date with news in the industry. PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL Journal Title: Issues in Accounting EducationPublisher: American Accounting Association Subscription Coordinates: http://aaahq. org/pubs/issues. htm, then click on submission information and it shows you exactly what to do to subscribe. Description This pe er review journal is very focused on the accounting field. It describes many issues that have to do with students in the accounting major and it illustrates different factors that affect the student accounting career choice. It reviews many journals that regard the accountancy field and more specifically the chartered accounting career. JustificationThis peer reviewed journal is most relevant to my job search because I am still in school and I don’t know what the future of my education can be like, so this peer review journal can help me learn about how a student behaves and copes with all the problems before I find my job, and I could read about many topics that have to do with my career choice. PRIMARY SOURCE Description My primary source is my friend Michael Lewin. He was a John Molson student that is currently working as a chartered accountant in Montreal, which is exactly what I would like to do.He is a reliable source because every time I need help or if I have a questi on about school, he will always help me. Justification This is the most relevant primary source for my specific career search because I know this man for a long time and he is very reliable, we come from the same high school as well as the same college, therefore he knows exactly what I have to go through in order to become what I want to be. CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION Title: Hekhal Shalom Synagogue Contact Coordinates: Rabbi Ronen Abitbol 825 Rue Gratton, Saint-Laurent H4M 2G4, QC (514-831-4530) DescriptionThis organisation is a place where Jewish people come to pray and study the bible. This is a charitable organization that helps Jewish people be more in touch with their religious side. It also helps young Jewish kids learn and study about the bible. This organisation gets a lot of donations from people who go there and it spends a lot of money for people that don`t have the financial capabilities to be happy. From my end, I can volunteer to help with the accounting department of th is organization by doing the basic book keeping or data entry so that I can be working with people who know the field and gain more experience.Justification This is the most relevant charitable organization for my specific career search because I actually go there to pray and study, therefore it would be a good deed for me to volunteer and give my time to the community and also it will allow me to learn and get the on hand experience that I am looking for in order to pursue my career plans. ASSOCIATION Source: Association Canada (http://0-site. ebrary. com. mercury. concordia. ca/lib/concordia/docDetail. action? docID=10413264) DescriptionThis source is the association repertoire of Canada; where I can find any association that I am looking for, including accounting associations. In order to get as much information as possible I looked up an association that is relevant to my career choice. Justification This is the most relevant association repertoire for my specific job search bec ause when I find all these different associations, I can contact them (either electronically or in person) so that I can ask questions about my future career plans.Since this is a Canadian association repertoire, it is easy for me to find the information I need because I want to work in Montreal. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this report states what I need to do to launch my career and help me gain as much information and experience as I can before I graduate and become a chartered accountant in the city of Montreal. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abitbol, Ronen. â€Å"Volunteer Work At Hekhal Shalom. † Personal interview. Associations Canada, 2010 Le Repertoire Des Associations Du Canada. Toronto, Ont. : Grey House Pub.Canada, 2010. Ebrary. Concordia, 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. . Canada. Institue De La Statistique Quebec. Institue De La Statistique Quebec. Gouvernement Du Quebec, 17 Feb. 2010. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. Interview. Accountants World Do More Do Better. 05 Nov. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . Issue s in Accounting Education (2010). American Accounting Association. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. . Khanna, Ronika. Web log post. Montreal Financial: Small Business Accounting and Financial Consulting. 04 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. . Labus, Henry.Successfully Managing Your Accounting Career. New York: Wiley, 1988. Print. Lewin, Michael. â€Å"How to Become a Charted Accountant in Montreal. † Personal interview. The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter. The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter. 07 Nov. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . APPENDIX Figures Source:http://www. stat. gouv. qc. ca/donstat/societe/education/etat_scolr/tab3_niv_sco_2006. htm Justification I found a set of statistics that shows how many diplomas above bachelor level are completed in Montreal and in other cities in Quebec.The statistics in this figure will help me prepare for my career because, I can see that Montreal is the city where higher levels of education (such as chartered accountant) are mostly distr ibuted and therefore I can keep studying in Montreal because I know that it is the better city to study in. SURVEY -Intro Paragraph Hello, I am a currently studying accounting at the John Molson School of Business in Montreal. This survey is given to you so that you can help me gain all the information and resources that I need in order to become a charted accountant in the city of Montreal. -RespondentsThis survey will be distributed mostly to accountants that are currently working in Montreal. It can also be distributed to teacher of the accounting field. -Justification The main reason why I want this survey to be distributed to the specific respondents is simply because they all had to go through the same process and they know all the problems and solutions. The responses from this group of people can help me in my career because I would like to follow their footsteps and with the information that they give me I can learn a lot of things. 1) What is the best school to do the CA p rogram? – Concordia b – McGill c – HEC d – Other _______________ 2) How would you rate working as an accountant on a day to day basis (1 being the best, 5 being the worst)? _____________ 3) Which field is more interesting and profitable; auditing or taxation? _____________ 4) What do you recommend I do if my GPA is lower than 3. 0? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5) What is the best city in Canada to work as a chartered accountant? a – Vancouver

How Freelance Indexers Help Your Book Succeed

How Freelance Indexers Help Your Book Succeed Can Non-Fiction Authors Create Their Own Indexes? Maria Sosnowski has been a freelance indexer for over ten years. In this article, she explains that hiring an indexer to create a professional index is something that many authors neglect:  they either don’t think about an index at all, or they decide that the book doesn’t really need an index. This is a mistake that could cost you access to entire markets.Libraries, Bookstores, and Amazon SalesDo you want your book to sell more easily? A good index is an important feature that librarians will look out for. Some libraries won’t consider purchasing non-fiction books without an index. Readers will often head to the back matter first and browse the index first to see what the book is about; those who want to look up something will go straight to the index. Without indexes, books are seen as less polished, which lowers the chance that a library system will select it for purchase.The same thing is true with bookstores. Buyers will skim the index to see if certain to pics are covered in the book. If they can’t see what they are looking for, they will move on to another title on the shelf. The lack of an index can result in a lack of sales.When you sell your book on Amazon, the Look Inside feature allows buyers to check out sample pages from your book, read the table of contents, and browse the index. A missing index is a missed opportunity to convince someone that your book is exactly what they’re looking for. A missing index is a missed opportunity to tell someone your book is what they’re looking for. And how would you like to optimize your online listing for searches? You can add â€Å"tags† with keywords and phrases to make it easier for Amazon to target the right audience, which will naturally increase book sales. While you can certainly try to create your own tags, an index will naturally contain most of these keywords and phrases. It’s an easy and effective hack! A search function can’t separate the wheat from the chaff. It can’t distinguish between an in-depth discussion and a passing mention of a term. It doesn’t capture synonyms where multiple words are used for the same concept. It doesn’t capture homographs where they same word has different meanings. It doesn’t consider context, either, so it would treat a discussion about Abraham Lincoln just the same as a sentence that uses Lincoln’s term in office to mark the timeline for the real topic.Adding value to your bookSearching provides too many hits, while not providing enough quality hits. There is no analysis in a search. Professional indexers analyze the text as they read, create a structured index with multiple access points into the material in the form of cross-references, and use subheadings to break down the page ranges about a particular topic. They can group related information and concepts together, even when varying terminology is used. Just as important, they will leave out extraneous information, casual mentions of a topic that lack any depth, duplicative material, and other things that would frustrate a reader who’s trying to learn more about your topic. In short, professional indexers raise the value of the book.To find out more about Maria Sosnowski and the other top freelance indexers, head to the Reedsy Marketplace and get a free quote today.If you have any experience about indexing to share, or questions to ask Maria, just drop a message in the comments below.

Immanuel Kant on law and justice Essays

Immanuel Kant on law and justice Essays Immanuel Kant on law and justice Essay Immanuel Kant on law and justice Essay Essay Topic: Immanuel Kant To be moral populating human existences there must be a guiding action. This action varies depending on the grade of duty: jurisprudence. regulation or axiom. A jurisprudence should advance and protect the common good. Above all. a jurisprudence must be merely and sensible to follow. A regulation is a prescribed usher for behavior or action that indicates how we ought to move to act in certain state of affairss. Rules are non purely legislated but are nevertheless obligatory guidelines for actions. A axiom is a general truth or regulation of behavior. Immanuel Kant’s political instruction may be summarized in a phrase: republican authorities and international organisation. In more characteristically Kantian footings. it is philosophy of the province based upon the jurisprudence ( Rechtsstaat ) and of ageless peace. Indeed. in each of these preparations. both footings express the same thought: that of legal fundamental law or of peace through jurisprudence. Rechtsstaat is a philosophy in Continental European legal thought. originally borrowed from German law. which can be translated as a legal state . state of law . state of justice . state of rights or state based on justness and integrity . It is a constitutional state in which the exercising of governmental power is constrained by the jurisprudence. and is frequently tied to the Anglo-American construct of the regulation of jurisprudence. but differs from it in that it besides places an accent on what is merely ( i. e. a construct of moral rightness based on moralss. reason. jurisprudence. natural jurisprudence. faith or equity ) . In a Rechtsstaat. the power of the province is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercising of authorization. In a Rechtsstaat the citizens portion legally-based civil autonomies and they can utilize the tribunals. A state can non be a broad democracy without first being a Rechtsstaat. German authors normally place Immanuel Kant’s theories at the beginning of their histories of the motion toward the Rechtsstaat. Kant’s attack is based on the domination of a country’s written fundamental law. This domination must make warrants for execution of his cardinal thought: a lasting peaceable life as a basic status for the felicity of its people and their prosperity. Kant proposed that constitutionalism and constitutional authorities ought to be sufficient to vouch this felicity. Kant had therefore formulated the chief job of constitutionalism: The fundamental law of a province is finally based on the ethical motives of its citizens. which. in its bend. is based on the goodness of this fundamental law. A Kantian justness system would therefore entirely concentrate on what was done. instead than on the character of the individual who did it. No excuses sing a criminal’s genome. upbringing. history of mental unwellness. or socioeconomic position can acquit him from having penalty for the condemnable act. The fact that a adult male was abused during his childhood does non warrant his imposition of similar maltreatment on others later in life. Many responsibilities are developed into Torahs because society has deemed them of import for the protection of the person. There are some Torahs that are written to safe guard the person and others for the community. All Torahs must be written to continue society which includes protecting the rights of all people in both the bulk and minority accordingly all Torahs must possess certain common traits. Immanuel Kant believed that all worlds are born inherently bad and must seek difficult to be good. This theoretical account of idea is of immense aid to understanding what actions Kant saw as necessary for the creative activity of justness within the existent universe. since. one time once more. every individual’s worldview is based upon that individual’s ain set of experiences. Pure ground is a perfect integrity ; and hence. if the rule presented by it proves to be deficient for the solution of even a individual one of those inquiries to which the really nature of ground gives birth. we must reject it. as we could non be absolutely certain of its sufficiency in the instance of the others . ( Critique of Pure Reason. 3 ) Kant on Contemporary Issues Contemporary Issue: A proposal by the authorities to legalise larceny. Harmonizing to Immanuel Kant’s theories and positions he would seek to oppose this jurisprudence. The general definition of larceny is the pickings of another person’s belongings without that person’s permission or consent with the purpose to strip the rightful proprietor of it. Immanuel Kant would see this an immoral action on the individual’s portion therefore ensuing in penalty. When person is punished for something it is because they did something abominable. Humans act non merely on impulse as effected by Torahs of nature. but besides out of scruples pick based on rules and these rules tell us how we ought to move. Our scruples as a capacity has a cardinal sense of value and personal duty. If larceny were to be legalized. it would ensue in a ceaseless concatenation of people perpetrating evil actions to foster their ain demand. Peoples would go more selfish and greedy. Because Kant believes worlds are born inherently bad we must endeavor every twenty-four hours to avoid enticement which we can merely be redeemed by good behavior and the grace of God. This would besides travel against Kant’s ideal justness system. Nothing can get away our notice ; for what ground produces from itself can non lie hidden. but must be brought to the visible radiation by ground itself. every bit shortly as we have discovered the common rule of the thoughts we seek. ( Critique of Pure Reason. 5 ) . Kant’s theory is his belief that it should ever be possible. within our power. to make the right thing. Kant believes that rational worlds are agents. they have programs. and they make calculated picks. It is this fact about worlds that Kant’s ethical theory seeks to enshrine and protect. Human bureau should neer be sacrificed for anything less valuable and everything is less valuable. Justice has a moral duty to ever make. The first responsibility of justness is to neer handle people as mere means to one’s ain terminals. But handling a individual as an terminal in themselves is to make more than regard this responsibility: it is besides to help them in accomplishing their morally lawful terminals. For these grounds Immanuel Kant would non let to legalise larceny. Our authorities. justness responsibility and morality would wholly be altered if such a thing were to go on and that was Kant’s biggest fright that our humanity would be consumed by mercenary things. We need Torahs and peace in order for us. as people. to be rational human existences. Work Cited: Germany. – Understandings of the Rule of Law – Wikis Der Freien UniversitAÂ ¤t Berlin. N. p. . n. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. Kant. Immanuel. J. M. D. Meiklejohn. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. James Creed Meredith. Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant. and Immanuel Kant. The Critique of Pure Reason. Chicago: Encyclop? Defense Intelligence Agency Britannica. 1955. Print. Rauscher. Frederick. Rauscher. . Kant’s Social and Political Philosophy. Stanford University. Stanford University. 24 July 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment. Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment. N. p. . n. d. Web. 21 Sept. 2013.

Insure vs. Ensure

Insure vs. Ensure Insure vs. Ensure Insure vs. Ensure By Maeve Maddox When in a recent post I used the word insure in a context that had nothing to do with underwriting, more than one reader wrote to chide me for not using the word ensure. I’ll confess. The rule that insure must be used only in the context of indemnifying against loss is one that has never penetrated to my subconscious. I’ve read the rule. I’ve even written about the rule, but I can’t seem to rid myself of the idea that ensure is British spelling for insure. The verb ensure entered the language in the Middle Ages. The earliest OED citation is 1385. The earliest documentation for insure is 1440. Until the 17th century, the forms ensure and insure were used interchangeably with a variety of meanings, including that of insuring a person’s life or property against loss. According to OED citations, ensure was still being used in the 18th century with the meaning of buying insurance: â€Å"The price of ensuring the Life of a Man of 20 (1693).† And in the late 19th century, insure was still being used in contexts in which the modern rule requires ensure: â€Å"An ardour which could hardly fail to insure success (1862).† The Penguin Writer’s Manual notes that the verb â€Å"generally used in the active form to mean â€Å"make (something) certain† is ensure,† but also notes that ensure is often spelled insure in American English. For modern writers of American English, however, both The Chicago Manual of Style and The AP Stylebook urge the distinction: Ensure is the general term meaning to make sure something will (or won’t) happen. In best usage, insure is reserved for underwriting financial risk. –CMOS Use ensure to mean guarantee. Use insure for references to insurance. –AP Use ensure when you mean guarantee. Reserve insure for talking about a financial arrangement meant to secure the payment of a sum of money in the event of loss or damage: Worn or damaged parts are replaced to ensure the safety. They go all the way to ensure the comfort and satisfaction of their passengers. How to Properly  Insure  Your Home  Against  Winter Weather   Insuring Against  The High Costs Of Cancer   Your renters’ policy will state exactly what youre  insured against. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Empathy "With" or Empathy "For"?Comment, Suggestion, and Feedback

To what Extent did the Rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada (1837) Essay

To what Extent did the Rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada (1837) Lead to Canada's Responsible Government in 1867 - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to look at Canada’s experience with responsible government during 1867 and look at the known, possible driving forces behind the implementation of the responsible government, namely the Durham report and the American influence, and provide arguments as to which one mainly affected or drove the implementation of responsible government. These topics will be discussed in detail as follows: Lord Durham’s report and how it was responsible for Canada’s responsible government The American influence that was responsible for Canada’s responsible government Conclusion and breakdown Lord Durham’s report and how it was responsible for Canada’s responsible government According to marianopolis.edu, John George Lambton was the first earl of Durham. He was also known as â€Å"Radical Jack† because of his support of certain causes by the Whig party in England. Some of these causes created quite a stir back in those times such a s free trade. He was sent to be a Governor General in British North America in 1838. This was done, according to the same article above in order to â€Å"investigate the circumstances of the rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada and to make recommendations for the future government of the British North American colonies.† He was the person that created the Durham report which is now believed to have been one of the driving forces behind Canada’s responsible government of 1867. The main purpose of this report was to assess the situation in British North America and the local conditions. This report made several recommendations such as the unification of Upper and Lower Canada and the proposal of responsible government. One other recommendation includes the establishment of local municipalities in Canada. Some saw these recommendations as great advancements and key efforts in making a better Canada while others, specifically in Lower Canada regarded Lambton as a r acist for his suggestion to assimilate the French Canadians. We can consider this report to have been one of the best driving forces for responsible government because based on observation, the idea of implementing a responsible government was not something agreeable to the British, because, like the paper stated â€Å"Great Britain could not quite bring itself to implement responsible government in the colonies†. But despite this, the Union act of 1840 was created and Canada was united. The American influence that was responsible for Canada’s responsible government Around 2 years before the establishment of the responsible government of Canada in 1867, America was putting and end to its civil war. The actions taken by America at that time were also considered to be a major influence to the establishment of Canada’s responsible government; in fact some consider it more of an influence than the Durham report. Based on the information given, the Durham report sugg ested that Canada be unified and that they establish responsible government, however the British did not agree to the later suggestion but followed through on the unification of Canada. After seeing that America won against one of Canada’s major colonizers, their now unified country may have taken this as a queue point to establish responsible government for a few reasons; one being a show of defiance to England, another maybe in support of America and

Cultural Background Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Background Summary - Essay Example Our dance movements can be easily traced to many tribes of sub-Saharan, Sahelean Africa and western dance form. Similarly our music and songs are an amalgamation of African and European styles giving rise to unique styles like jazz, swing, blues and ragtime. When these evolved they were restricted to African Americans only but have become popular the world over. Similarly our folktales were a clever way of preserving the cultural traditions of the past conveyed through the convenience of riveting stories whose magic enthralled not just through words but also the expression and tone of the story teller. Modern day rap songs are an extension of the same. The dialect and distinct accent has also been shaped in the historical melting pot in which English and often unknown various African regional languages were thrown in. We are able to manage the Standard English at school and our unique dialect at home with equal ease. Though we know that our ancestors were forcibly converted, we are practicing Christians and regularly go to the church in the best possible dresses. The women especially like to wear elaborate caps for worship and our gospel songs also display unique African American flavor. Culturally the preference is for brightly colored attire as is the case with many western Africans, though mainstream clothes (fabric and patterns) do influence the dress sense and appearance.

Business & Project Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business & Project Creation - Essay Example This before time analysis will make one more conscious of company's strengths and weaknesses and progress chances of gaining an aggressive benefit and increasing market share. The Market Analysis Team has foundation abilities in performing market assessments and public strategy impact assessments using an analysis model. Any cost-effective model - which reproduces a detailed nominal cash flow for fresh products - estimates earnings, cash flows, and debt payment to estimate a project's leveled cost-of-launch, nominal Internal Rate of Return, and annual Debt-Service-Coverage-Ratios. The Market Analysis Team encourages and facilitates greater acceptance of new technologies in the market by functioning with services and other stakeholders to recognize suitable technologies and to deal with system incorporation matters. The Market Analysis Team fosters improved understanding of the role of markets by identifying market barriers and opportunities, and promoting market-based solutions, when possible, to achieve greater development. The Market Analysis Team informs and guides the key conclusion makers in order to optimistically manipulate progress decisions. This contains developing the establishment of nationwide and regional electorates through work with a range of interest groups, and given that support to client and stakeholder groups to widen and execute market-based plans for its products. The Market Analysis Team gives modified help to state agencies and other stakeholders to assist meet their product investigation needs. The Market Analysis Team carries out assessments of the insinuations of industry reorganization for its new products technologies. One has to execute analyses of diverse suggestions for a normal, transmission pricing, and autonomous system operators; as well as analyses of retail access programs and system benefits arraigns when doing comprehensive market analysis for any product. Therefore, the Market Analysis Team executes analyses of markets to augment understanding of associated subjects. The Market Analysis Team as well does Policy Analysis of its manufactured goods and the marketplace of its product. The Market Analysis Team carries out analyses of federal and state policy alternatives to widen market prospects for its fresh products. Amongst the policies that marketers have examined are incorporated resource planning, competitors externalities, aggressive bidding, and market infiltration of its product. Market Analysis - Identifying Potential Opportunities While having the Market Analysi

Why was there so much violence in Rome in the late Republic Essay

Why was there so much violence in Rome in the late Republic - Essay Example 140) Caesar’s rise to power and his eventual assassination demonstrate the violence that permeated Rome’s late Republic. Caesar was pivotal in the increase in violence as he helped militarize the Roman city. Earlier, Rome was plagued by anarchy and that Cnaeus Pompeius was entrusted with the restoration of order. He achieved this by bringing legionaries into the center of the city, the first time that serving soldiers have been brought there for this purpose, except in times of civil war. (Lintott, p. xiv) After order was restored, these legionaries remained in Rome for two more years under Pompeius’ command. Now, this was used by Julius Caesar as a reason to invade Italy with the pretext of defending his own status. This invasion would bring the Republic to an end. The transition from armies that were fighting in the battlefield to gangs fighting in the streets has sparked the violence in the late Republic. Such transition was disastrous and it is not difficult to understand why. Cicero argued in favor of arming the Roman citizens in his defense of Milo. However, this proved disastrous as more and more people became violent with their arms up to the point that the government could no longer control them. By the time the Roman Senate passed legislation to control bearing arms for violent purposes in the public realm, it was already too late. A specific example of the most controversial disturbances happened in 59 B.C., when the consul Bibulus tried to block his colleague Caesar’s legislation. According to Crook, Lintoot and Rawson’s account: Bibulus offered religious objection to Caesar’s proposals in the traditional way, according to the process known as abnutiatio: he appeared in the Forum and declared to the presiding magistrate that he had seen evil omens†¦ As the year went on, however, civil disturbances increased and Bibulus became the object of such violent assaults that he took refuge in his house and merely issued messages that he was

Questions based on different handouts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions based on different handouts - Essay Example Questions based on different handouts The mandate for Palestine did fulfill this point in its recognition of the connection of the Jewish, historically, with the Palestine and by asserting that a national home be constructed for them in Palestine. This declaration put into consideration the interests of the concerned population, in this case, the Jewish population. The Mandate for Palestine managed to clearly offer a clear distinction between political rights with regards to the Jewish civil and religious rights and self-determination as an emerging polity, referring to guaranteed of equal individual freedoms to non-Jewish residents within select communities and as individuals. However, the mandate failed to satisfy point 5 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points by failing to mention, not even once, Arabs as a people. The document fails to identify and granting any rights to Arabs as it did the Jews, thus not satisfying the requirement of putting into consideration all interests of concerned population. Point 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points asserts that, â€Å"Turkish portions of the current Ottoman Empire should be guaranteed of a secure sovereignty, and the other nationalities, now under the Turkish rule, must be guaranteed of an absolutely unmolested autonomous development opportunity and undoubted security of life, and the Dardanelles should permanently be opened for a free passage for ships and that trade of all nations should be under international guarantees†.... The Palestine mandate fails to satisfy this point-point 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points-by entrusting a Mandatory, in this case, Great Britain, to have full power of administration and legislation-according to article 1 of the mandate- over the Palestine Territory, formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire. In so doing, the mandate goes against the principle of guaranteeing secure sovereignty. The Palestine Mandate also seems to satisfy point 12, at least according to article 2, which states that, â€Å"†¦for safeguarding religious and civil rights of all Palestine inhabitants regardless or religion and race,† requirement that undoubted security for life should be provided for all those nationalities under the Turkish rule (Halsall, â€Å"Modern History Sourcebook: League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922†). Article 3 of the mandate also encourages local autonomy, which is in line with pint 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points, which advocates for equal, unmolested autonomous development opportunities. Additionally, article 5 of the mandate satisfies point 12 requirement of guaranteed sovereignty by advocating for the mandate to ensure that no territory in Palestine is leased or ceded, or placed under the control of another government’s foreign power in any way. It is also very clear that, the Palestine mandate satisfies the requirements of point 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points, that, â€Å"nationalities under the Turkish rule must be guaranteed of an absolutely unmolested autonomous development opportunity and undoubted security of life, and the Dardanelles should permanently be opened for a free passage for

The Role of the Information Technology in the Organization Research Paper

The Role of the Information Technology in the Organization - Research Paper Example Information systems are applied at all business sizes, i.e. from multinational corporations to small businesses. Some of the roles played by information technology in organizational development include productivity enhancement, improvement in profitability, cost reduction, inventory management and the establishment of a competitive advantage.   Information technology (IT) is made up of a wide array of communication and media devices that link information systems and people. Information systems encompass software programs and databases. Such technologies include voicemail, video conferencing and e-mail among others. IT consists of all forms of technicalities used to create, store, utilize and exchange information in various forms. The process entails processing, acquiring, storing and distributing information. It also includes manipulation, distribution, and processing of information. Information has formed the perfect replacement of the conventional methods of information dissemina tion at an organizational level. The innovative technological tools that have been brought in the organizational management through current technology include e-commerce and computers. Information technology is viewed as the most convenient and effective factor for performance improvement in the business world. Technology allows organizations to work more efficiently and improve their productivity. Most organizations have fully become dependent on information systems for performing their functions.   The most prominent role of information systems in an organizational setting is communication. Information devices act as a medium of verbal interaction between employees, staff, and suppliers (MacKechnie par. 1). Communication role of information technology is largely a product of the Internet whereby the organizational workforce interacts and communicates through e-mail. However, the recent advancement in information dissemination has led to the application of live chat systems and v ideo conferencing systems. Efficient communication ensures that the necessary information is shared among employees as well as external stakeholders. Marketing is also enhanced through the application of information systems whereby the geographical barrier has been eliminated. Organizational Role. Most organizations are currently undergoing the complex transformation. Many industries are changing the culture of mass production through large, vertically-integrated and hierarchically-organized production forms into flexible forms of both internal and external organization.

Questions based on different handouts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Questions based on different handouts - Essay Example Questions based on different handouts The mandate for Palestine did fulfill this point in its recognition of the connection of the Jewish, historically, with the Palestine and by asserting that a national home be constructed for them in Palestine. This declaration put into consideration the interests of the concerned population, in this case, the Jewish population. The Mandate for Palestine managed to clearly offer a clear distinction between political rights with regards to the Jewish civil and religious rights and self-determination as an emerging polity, referring to guaranteed of equal individual freedoms to non-Jewish residents within select communities and as individuals. However, the mandate failed to satisfy point 5 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points by failing to mention, not even once, Arabs as a people. The document fails to identify and granting any rights to Arabs as it did the Jews, thus not satisfying the requirement of putting into consideration all interests of concerned population. Point 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points asserts that, â€Å"Turkish portions of the current Ottoman Empire should be guaranteed of a secure sovereignty, and the other nationalities, now under the Turkish rule, must be guaranteed of an absolutely unmolested autonomous development opportunity and undoubted security of life, and the Dardanelles should permanently be opened for a free passage for ships and that trade of all nations should be under international guarantees†.... The Palestine mandate fails to satisfy this point-point 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points-by entrusting a Mandatory, in this case, Great Britain, to have full power of administration and legislation-according to article 1 of the mandate- over the Palestine Territory, formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire. In so doing, the mandate goes against the principle of guaranteeing secure sovereignty. The Palestine Mandate also seems to satisfy point 12, at least according to article 2, which states that, â€Å"†¦for safeguarding religious and civil rights of all Palestine inhabitants regardless or religion and race,† requirement that undoubted security for life should be provided for all those nationalities under the Turkish rule (Halsall, â€Å"Modern History Sourcebook: League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922†). Article 3 of the mandate also encourages local autonomy, which is in line with pint 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points, which advocates for equal, unmolested autonomous development opportunities. Additionally, article 5 of the mandate satisfies point 12 requirement of guaranteed sovereignty by advocating for the mandate to ensure that no territory in Palestine is leased or ceded, or placed under the control of another government’s foreign power in any way. It is also very clear that, the Palestine mandate satisfies the requirements of point 12 of the Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points, that, â€Å"nationalities under the Turkish rule must be guaranteed of an absolutely unmolested autonomous development opportunity and undoubted security of life, and the Dardanelles should permanently be opened for a free passage for

The Melon grower by Alice Oswald Essay Example for Free

The Melon grower by Alice Oswald Essay The Melon grower by Alice Oswald explains the slow decline in a couples marriage. The melon grower is the man, Oswald uses his care for the melons to demonstrate the mans disinterest in his wife and his lack of emotion towards her. As the poem leads on through the twelve stanzas it becomes increasingly sad and disfunctional however in parts showing a comical side. The frequent use of the pronouns he and she in the poem proves the disfuntion and seperation of the couple as their marriage falls apart. The 12, 3 line stanzas are biographical. The story has been told to the author from the prospective of the wife who is clearly unhappy in her marriage. We dont know fully how her husband is feeling about the disintigration of his marriage, only of his obssessive interest in his melons.We are given a brief insight into his emotions when he was in church and he sang O Lord how long shall the wicked.? and then, He prayed, with his thumbs on his eys. Were we given a glimpse of his own dispair? In the first few opening stanzas there is a sense of seperation through the pronouns he and she there is no they showing that they no longer spend time together. The wife seeks the husbands attention as he spends the majority of his time out of the house with his plants She threw a slipper at him this domestic item contrasts with the plants and highlights the difference between their seperate lives, it is almost as if she is physically throwing the house at him in despiration. The poem doesnt just describe the end of the friendship and communication of the couple but also the end of their sexual realtionship If I can sex he said the flowers, very gently ill touch their parts with a pollen brush made with rabbit hairs. this qoutefrom stanza 5 highlights the abscence of sex within their relationship, he is more intimate with the melons. Stanza eight shows us the passing of time, the relationship still limping on, with him remaining ever neglectful of his wifes even his daughters, feelings, burying his head and hiding in his green house. He cares for his melons with the utmost care and gentleness which is at odds with the decay  of his home and his l I feel that Oswalds sympathy lies with the wife. I feel as a reader, sympathy for both charaters. The misunderstanding, the lack of communication, her anger, his apparent apathy toward the problem, all leading to the slow crumbling of their relationship. Within the last two stanzas Oswald creates a contrast between the two, first of all she paints an image of softness with the nets and fruits big at ease but then writes the last stanza about the wifes final despair with the melony aroma suffocating the whole place becoming sinister.

Labelling Theory by Becker: Summary and Evaluation

Labelling Theory by Becker: Summary and Evaluation Part of the assumption about the way policing and the law works is that punishing criminal behaviour has a deterrent effect. Whatever controversies surround the efficacy of deterrence and they are myriad it seemed hard for many early theorists to believe that punishing criminal behaviour does any actual harm to society. What labelling theorists introduced was the idea that, ironically, the singling out of those who had transgressed societys laws actually perpetuated the behaviours it was intended to curb (Lilly, Cullen Ball, 2002). The idea that the way in which crimes are socially constructed might have important consequences has, however, proved controversial and sparked considerable debate. This essay looks first at labelling theory and then moves on to examine the theory more critically and assess its reach in explaining crime and deviance. Becker (1973) clearly lays out labelling theory in his book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. He explains that the interactionist perspective sees crime as an infraction of the rules created by society. It then seeks to find the reasons that a person infringed those rules within both their personality and in the their social and economic environment. Becker (1973) believed that this placed the wrong emphasis on where the parameters for crime are set. It is not in the quality of a persons action the deviant act or, as it were, a deviant person but rather in the imposition of the label of deviance by society. It is society that prescribes which acts are lawful and which acts are not lawful and, that act of successfully applying the label illegal or deviant to a person, has a number of important consequences. One assumption often made, once a person has been labelled a deviant, is that they fit into a homogenous category. Becker (1973) argues that this assumption is often made by researchers in criminology looking for a root cause or at least some commonality in deviance and crime. This assumption, though, is not correct. Some people may not have transgressed societys laws and yet are, through the failure of the appropriate systems, still labelled deviant. Others may have transgressed but have not been caught in their transgression these people remain unlabelled. As a result of this analysis, Becker (1973) is most interested in how people come to be labelled deviant rather than their particular social or personal circumstances. This attack on the absolutist nature of deviance or criminal behaviour highlights a number of variables within the system of labelling. What is labelled a crime varies from one time to another; at one time there is crackdown on, for example, drug offences, and the investigation and penalties are stepped up. At another time there may be much more leniency. Another variable is the nature of the person caught breaking the law. The example is drawn by Becker (1973) of the difference between a middle class person and someone from the lower classes evidence is cited to show that it is the middle class person who is more likely to avoid prosecution. Similarly, crimes committed by individuals tend to be prosecuted by the criminal law, while crimes committed by corporations prosecuted by the civil law. These distinctions emphasise the fact that criminality is not an independent quality of a person, but is intimately related to other peoples perceptions or, alternatively in the modern termin ology, to crimes social construction. After the initial instance in which a person is labelled as a criminal, Becker (1973) asserts that a number of things are naturally attendant. To understand the results of labelling it is useful to make a distinction introduced by Edwin Lemert. Lemert (1951) introduced the idea that deviance could be seen as first primary and then secondary. Primary deviancy refers to the situation where a person commits a criminal offence because of sociocultural and psychological circumstances. At this stage, however, the person does not see themselves as deviant, merely as a person who has temporarily strayed from the straight and narrow. Having been caught committing a criminal offence this person is then subjected to societys vilification and labelling through the criminal justice system. As a result of this the person then has to find a method of dealing with this clash between the way they think about themselves and the way other people now view them. This is normally dealt with by accepting t he label with all its meaning and consequences attached. Lilly, Cullen Ball (2002) explain that labelling theorists used the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy (developed by Merton, 1968) to explain the effect of labelling. Falsely applying the label of criminal to a person leads to them being seen as morally reprehensible in themselves, even though, at that point, this is probably not true. In peoples minds, the fact that a person has committed a criminal offence leads to them being thought of as a criminal, which again leads to them being seen exclusively in this context, above any other. The police, seeing that person as more likely to transgress in the future, will be more likely to visit them to investigate further crimes. A person is socially isolated from their non-criminal friends and probably incarcerated with others who have been labelled criminals this all serves to reinforce the label. It is this constant pressure from people around them that encourages those who have committed a criminal offence to accept the label of crimin al themselves along with all that it entails. The effect is that, perversely, that crime is perpetuated because of the effectiveness of the systems of criminal justice: the label of criminal becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy (Williams, 2004). Labelling theory has been criticised on a number of grounds. Many researchers have attempted to bring empirical evidence to bear on labelling theory. Gove (1975), for example, found no evidence of the influence of negative sanctions on sustained criminal careers. Sherman Berk (1984) compared, in a field experiment, those who had been arrested for domestic violence, with those who had not. They found that those who had been arrested did, in fact, show a reduced level of violence compared to those who had not. Foster, Dinitz Reckless (1972) found that self-reports of problems amongst apprehended boys did not affect the relationship between deviance and sanctions. Other evidence, however, has supported the contentions of labelling theory. Kaplan Johnson (2001) describe some of this evidence. Palamara, Cullen Gersten (1986) found that juvenile delinquency was affected both directly and through other interactions by contact with the police, as well as mental health services. Important ly, the level of the effect was found to be different depending on the type of behaviour that was being measured. Kaplan Johnson (2001) assert that part of the explanation for the mixed empirical results may be methodological problems. For example, measuring levels of delinquency before and after intervention by the criminal justice system is extremely problematic. Kaplan Johnson (2001) argue that, in the research carried out by Foster et al. (1972), it is possible the boys were trying to protect their self-image which was why they didnt report any problems to researchers. Similarly, though, the results of Palamara et al. (1986), which relied on the opinions of mothers and teachers, might simply reflect the effects that labelling has on labelling obviously a circular argument. Gove (1975) argues that part of the problem with testing labelling theory is that it is simply untestable in many of the ways that researchers have applied. Aside from empirical evidence, researchers have also criticised labelling theory on theoretical grounds. Gove (1975) argues that there is no solid evidence that being labelled and then committing crimes is a self-fulfilling prophecy. In addition, Gove (1975) criticises labelling theory on the grounds that it is has difficulty explaining all the different types of deviant behaviour. Plummer (1979) characterises this as a problem with explaining how primary deviance occurs in the first place. Labelling theory, therefore, has a particular problem with paedophilia, for example, which is generally thought to result from abnormal psychology. For this reason it cannot be largely affected by labelling and self-fulfilling prophecies. More phenomenological problems are pointed to in labelling theory by, amongst others, Philipson Roche (1971). They point out that labelling theory makes many perhaps unwarranted assumptions. The way that society reacts to the labelling of criminals is mostly assumed by the original researchers, and hardly investigated. Theoretically, there is limited linkage between the processes that occur at an everyday level and how these translate into the societal reaction. There is too much reliance on ideas that are deemed common sense and also on anecdotal evidence. Plummer (1979) states that labelling theory tends to minimise, or not to address, the question of power and the effects this has on the criminal justice system. A more general criticism is its compatibility with social determinism, the idea that people may have no choice, or at least little choice, in their behaviour. These ideas are also linked to moral criticisms, that labelling theory excludes the moral aspects of crime choos ing to commit a criminal act is a moral choice. In defence of labelling theory, and the criticisms that have been levelled at it, Becker (1973) ascribes a more limited role to its applicability. Becker (1973) argues that labelling theory was not intended to explain why people commit crimes, but the focus of it is on the interactional elements. It is the interactional elements in explaining crime that had previously been ignored or minimised labelling theory was an attempt to highlight the fact that crime cannot be explained without considering the effects that people have on each other. It is clear that many criticisms of labelling theory are based on different conceptions. Indeed, modern theorists now often see labelling theory as split into three different parts. Davies Tanner (2003) splits it into the strain that concentrates on secondary deviance, the strain that focuses on social psychological effects and, finally, the strain that examines the effect of labelling on life chances. In conclusion, what many proponent of labelling theory claim is that it attempts to demystify acts of crime and deviancy. Rather than seeing them as discrete and recognisable categories that are somehow other from the normal law-abiding citizens, it sees them as part of a fluid process within which all members of society, or a collective, exert some influence. It acknowledges a continuum and attempts to describe the processes involved in moving along that continuum. Critics of labelling theory have attacked with both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence. As can clearly be seen, though, labelling theory is difficult to test empirically and, perhaps, with the defence provided by Becker (1973) is impossible to test this way. Criticisms of theoretical aspects are somewhat muddied by different understandings of what labelling theory constitutes. Despite this, it is possible that more detailed and precise research could provide a clearer empirical result whether positive or negati ve. References References Becker, H. S. (1973) Outsiders: studies in the sociology of deviance. New York: Free Press. Davies, S., Tanner, J. (2003) The Long Arm of the Law: Effects of Labeling on Employment. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(3) 385–404. Philipson, M., Roche, M. R. (1971) Phenomenology, Sociology and the Study of Deviance. In Carson, W.G., Wiles, P. (Eds.) The Sociology of Crime and Delinquency in Britain, vol 2. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Foster, J. D., Dinitz, S., Reckless, W. C. (1972) Perceptions of stigma following  public intervention for delinquent behavior. Social Problems, 20, 202-209 Gove, W. R. (1975). The labeling of deviance: Evaluating a perspective. New York: Halsted Press. Kaplan, H. B., Johnson, R. J. (2001) Social Deviance: Testing a General Theory. New York: Springer. Plummer, K. (1979) Misunderstanding Labelling Perspectives. In Downes, D. Rock, P. (Eds.) Deviant Interpretations: problems in criminological theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press Lemert, E. (1951) Social pathology: A systematic approach to the theory of  sociopathic behavior. New York McGraw-Hill. Lilly, J., Cullen, F., Ball, R. (2002) Criminological theory: Context and consequences (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Merton, R. K. (1968) Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press. Palamara, F., Cullen, F. T., Gersten, J. C. (1986). The effect of police and mental  health intervention on juvenile deviance: Specifying contingencies in the impact of formal reaction. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 90-105. Sherman, L. W., Berk, R. A. (1984) The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic assault. American Sociological Review, 49, 261-272. Williams, K. S. (2004) Textbook on Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

A Society in Danger Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, The Stranger

A Society in Danger In the book The Stranger, Camus characterizes Meursault as an atheist, an unemotional robot, and an outcast to demonstrate how he threatens society. The way Camus characterizes Meursault impacts the book in views to which he threatens society, like when he seems useless, shows no compassion or feelings, and when he does nothing to help society, making him seem like society’s worst enemy. How he characterizes Meursault proves how he becomes a threat to society through the use of syntax by displaying insensitivity, and diction to prove his atheism. He also only focuses on physical objects, and the way he sees life causes him to resemble a stranger. Meursault can be a threat to society by just not fitting in with everyone else and preventing everyone from uniting, so he continues to threat society. Camus manipulates syntax to show how Meursault’s insensitivity symbolizes danger to society. When Camus makes Meursault be an insensitive person that does not care or feel anything for anyone else, he puts society in danger. When Meursault says, â€Å"I had never been able to truly feel remorse for anything† he never reveals any emotion at all even though the sentence sounds a little long and he also never gives a sign of compassion (Camus 100). Also, the very first sentence that Meursault states in the book only contains three words, which reads, â€Å"Maman died today† (Camus 3). No matter how long or short the sentences appear Meursault never shows a bit of compassion or feelings for her mother’s death. He just states it all plain and unemotional with only three words almost making it a fragment. For example, when Camus writes this long sentence, â€Å"He said the truth was that I didn’t have a soul and that nothing human, not ... ...ample he asserts, â€Å"For a second I had the ridiculous feeling that they were there to judge me† which tells that he does not feel security of himself because he always thinks people are judging him (Camus 10). This thought of insecurity symbolizes danger to society because Meursault does not trust the people in any way because he thinks they judge him for any little thing. In conclusion of how Meursault threatens society affects society as a whole. The insensitivity and focus of physical objects only threatens the good of society by letting Meursault be part of them even though he has no feelings to offer. The atheism and way he sees life threatens society in different ways but the main one keeps society from reaching unity because they cannot exclude him from everything just because he does not believe in God and because he has a different view of seeing life.

The Ramist Logic of Edward Taylors Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Essay

The Ramist Logic of Edward Taylor's Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Like other Puritanical writers of his generation, Edward Taylor looked to nature and utilized it as an example of a belief system that he had already deemed factual. The use Ramist logic here may seem irrational to many. The very essence of logic commands that we must first look toward nature and then draw conclusions from it. In his work, "Upon a Spider Catching a Fly", Taylor applies his doctrine in advance by using the interaction between an arachnid and a certain contrasting insect as an example of the Calvinist theory of predestination; the belief that one's fate cannot be influenced by one's works or earthly deeds. It is also part of his belief system, however, that a person's prosperity on the earthly plain could be a testament that that individual is already a member of 'the elect'. Taylor interprets a natural situation with a personal hermeneutics with which he selectively reads situations that serve to enforce his beliefs. Upon introducing the central character of the spider in the first stanza, Taylor immediately questions the driving force that causes the spider to behave in the way it does. "To spin a web out of thyself /To catch a Fly?/ For Why?" Such a beginning immediately petitions the reader to question the nature of things. In the first line, Taylor refers to the spider as the "venomous elf" in order to plant the idea that the spider is an evil entity. The spider then becomes representative of the Christian devil, Satan, who instinctively casts his web amidst any of the unfortunate beings who would enter into his sphere. This devil image is further enforced in the seventh stanza when he refers to the predator as "Hell's spider". The spider ca... ...bility to do so, while the fly has been created defenseless; with no option but to fall victim to the spider. These two insects serve as a metaphor for the two differing castes of humans within the Calvinist school of thought. The wasp is representative of 'the elect'; those who are predestined to enter into the kingdom of heaven while the fly is representative of those who are doomed for damnation from the point of their incarnation. Within the life of the wasp, it is evident that it surpasses the fly, just as the Calvinists believed that 'the elect' were more successful in life than other humans. This idea of predestination did not come from the observation of the trials and tribulations between two insects and an arachnid. It was just the opposite. The situation was sited only after it fulfilled the requirements to serving as an example of Taylor's belief system.

History of Modern Philosophy Essay

1- How, and with what success, does Hume deal with the apparent anomaly of the missing shade of blue? In A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume attempt to rid 18th century moral philosophy of what he considered to be meaningless and vacuous concepts underlying our theory of knowledge – be it metaphysical arguments or hypotheses seemingly formulated from the mere imagination of many philosophers. Influenced by the emerging trend of empiricism and naturalistic science – like Newton and Locke, which Hume owed much of his basic principles from – Hume presented the Treatise as an attempt to introduce experimental methods of reasoning into the area of moral philosophy. In the first book of the Treatise, entitled Of the Understanding, Hume devoted the first part – Of the Origin of our Ideas – for explaining the basis of his philosophical system that appeals on the similar empiricist approach as that of Locke’s. However, curiously, Hume had cited an explicit counter-argument – the problem of missing shade of blue – that could invalidate his whole philosophical system that is based on this central principle. Even more puzzling is Hume’s complacency with this problem, and although he considers the problem as singular and exceptional, he fully admitted to this counter example and did not try to resolve it. Yet, this case merits a deeper investigation, and it is this essay’s attempt to see whether his apparent complacency with the missing shade of blue would have any effect on the strength of his philosophical system, and other attempts to render this problem irrelevant. The problem of the missing shade of blue by Hume is as follows: suppose a man who is well acquainted with colours for thirty years and has seen all the colours in the set of possible colour spectrum, except for one particular shade of blue. Then, he is presented with a full spectrum of the shades of blue, from the darkest shade to the darkest, all except the one particular shade in which he has not yet encountered. It is then conceivable that this man would be able to produce this single missing shade of blue. The problem of this lies in the basis of the empiricist doctrine at which Hume is following, namely, that all ideas must be preceded by experience, yet, in this example, it is demonstrated that it is possible for an idea to precede sensation experience, as the man is able to produce the idea of the missing shade of blue without having first encountered it through his senses. At this point, I would like to elaborate more on Hume’s theory of mind and the origin of ideas as that would clarify why this example is so damaging to Hume’s system. As stated before, Hume’s project can be put into a general label of empiricism, which is a belief that all knowledge comes from experience. Much of his line of argument resembles that of Locke’s, another prominent empiricist. Hume even borrowed Locke’s key terminology to a certain extent, with terms like ideas and impressions. Locke believes that ideas are whatever the mind perceives in itself, or is in the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding, as when one perceives, thinks, or understands, the ideas are before the mind. This limits all ideas to be originated from experience (perception), and also shows the connection between thought and perception and their interchangeable nature. The ideas can be divided into ideas of sensation (touch, smell, sight, etc.) and ideas of reflection (fear, happiness, sadness, etc.), which can then be separated further into simple and complex ideas, where complex ideas are derived from simple ones. Hume follows this line of argument with some modifications. He claims he ‘restores’ the term ideas to its original sense by classifying the objects the mind is perceiving as perceptions, not directly as ideas as Locke have used, and from perceptions he then distinguished them into impressions and ideas, where they differ in degree, as impressions are more vivid and forceful before the mind, such when sees a colour, and the ideas are more faint, such when one thinks of a colour after having the impressions of it. Hume then makes the distinction of simple and complex ideas, and by introspection, Hume demonstrates that one can think of any simple ideas and then find corresponding simple impressions that are exact copies of each other, and one can do this with any conceivable simple ideas. Complex ideas are different in that they are composites of simple ideas. And with this experiment in introspection, Hume then postulates his first thesis, â€Å"†¦ That all our simple ideas in their first appearance are deriv’d from simple impressions, which are correspondent to them, and which they exactly represent.† We may call this the Copy Principle, as it simply states that every simple idea is a copy of a corresponding impression. One of the most important components of this thesis is the fact that it’s a genetic one in that it shows the origin of ideas as following from impressions – as impressions to be the cause of ideas. Again, this is proved by the constant conjunction of simple impressions preceding simple ideas, which one can do to every simple idea one may have. Another support Hume gives is that of a man born defective of certain perceptive organs, hence, missing certain impressions (e.g. sight or sound), one would not have any ideas of those corresponded with the impressions, for it is evident that deaf people also have great trouble speaking. The genetic component is important in that they validate the empiricism doctrine on the reliance of experience. Anyhow, now we can see how the problem seems to defeat the purpose of this thesis. Moreover, a counter example, from a logical standpoint, one counter example is sufficient to turn an argument invalid. So why did Hume not deal with this problem? We may try to take it as Hume claimed the problem to be – a singular case where it is not worth investing time on. Being a singular case, one may have to take the argument in closer inspection. Hume states explicitly that the man in question may have enjoyed the sights for thirty years and perfectly well acquainted with all the possible colours except one, and that may be the attempt by him to restrict this to some specific scenario. It is implicitly embedded in the counter example that the subject of this example must be well acquainted with all the colours, such that one can make up colours in one’s mind, much like how only musicians of a certain skill level can sight read music. Thus, it appeals to some amount of ‘experience’ such that one may be bound to experience, habits, or personal background. Yet, when given further consideration, this seems to be invalid as well, as these restrictions do not seem to hold. As far as experience go, a child who does not know what ‘turquoise’ mean does not necessarily have an idea of the colour ‘turquoise’. So this case is certainly not an exceptional case and Hume had not dealt with it satisfactorily. Yet, Humean scholars have tried to find solutions for this problem and some even disregard it as a problem altogether. Firstly, the first objection to this counter argument is that there is no way to test whether the person in question does in fact have an idea of the missing shade of blue before seeing the missing shade or not. There is a great difference between being able to spot a missing spot in a complete spectrum of blue, and being able to produce an idea of the shade of blue without first encountering the impression of it. If ones sees a constant change in shade from, let’s say blue-0 where it is darkest to blue-255 where it is the lightest shade, then if there is one shade of blue missing, it would be quite noticeable as the mind notices the jump in gradual and constant change, but it does not follow that one could create an idea of that missing shade. To test this is also impossible, as if one is to reproduce colour, it still does not follow that he produces the idea since he would only be mixing the existing colours to brighter shades, and thus, after finishing mixing the colour, one then has the idea of the colour following the impression. All other ways of testing is equally futile because they all involve exposing the subject to the missing impression one way or another. Alternatively, if we look at the thesis again, and instead of taking it as a genetic form of the argument that Hume meant it to be, and instead, modifies it slightly to a more analytical empiricism form. Hume’s thesis on the theory of mind, upon closer inspection, can be taken as a form of meaning empiricism, in the sense that ideas to him are the same as different thoughts, which are different kinds of concepts, which is linked to when one understands something in a linguistic sense one is linking the word with the meaning, or the concepts associated to the word. Hence, if we think of the initial genetic content of the thesis, that impressions strictly precedes ideas, we may relax it slightly in favour of the analogy to meaning empiricism and forget its genetic form and instead formulate the following thesis: that all simple ideas must have corresponding conceivable and encounterable impressions. By doing this, we are no longer faced with the problem of the missing shade, since it is perfectly possible that the subject would be able to encounter this particular shade. Lastly, from a personal view, I see the problem of the missing shade of blue as not a problem at all, but Hume’s mistake lies in classifying colours as simple ideas. It is true that the impressions of light blue might very well be different than dark blue, so to speak, but to use Hume’s method, it is possible to separate using our imagination the components ‘light’ and ‘dark’ from ‘blue’. Thus, it is the impression of ‘blueness’ which is a simple impression, combined with the impression of ‘light’ and ‘absent of light’ that combine to give this multitude of shades of colours. Take this example, suppose some neutral shade of blue, let’s number it blue 124, were put somewhere with light, you will be able to see blue 124. However, let’s say for some reason, the room becomes lighter, certainly, the shade of blue 124 would have changed to some lighter shade of perhaps blue 200. If we vary the light in the room from darkest to lightest, it is then possible to observe from the darkest to the lightest shade of blue likewise. One may argue that the colour can be calibrated to some objective criteria, perhaps the ratio of pigments of colour blue of some sort, yet, that does not matter since all that matters to Hume is indeed only impression. Furthermore, using this example, we can also say that perhaps the subject of the experiment may have in fact encountered the particular shade of blue sometime before without acknowledging it. Conclusively, although Hume’s treatment of the missing shade of blue is very limited and very complacent, it is perhaps Hume’s own mistake for considering such example a ‘problem’, rather than the problem itself being a threat to his theory of origins of ideas.

Ilm Motivating to Perform Essay

Introduction In the following assignment I am going to describe the value of formal and informal performance assessments within ***** and identify ways that will ensure that it is a fair and objective process. Following this I will highlight the factors that influence how people behave in the workplace, and how I would apply a recognised theory of motivation to my team, to improve their performance. I will explain why feedback is important to improve communication and the performance in my team and compare the effectiveness of different types of feedback used in the workplace. Performance Assessment Performance Management is a continuous process that involves informal and formal reviews as required. As Plachy and Plachy explained ‘Performance review occurs whenever a manager and an employee conï ¬ rm, adjust, or correct their understanding of work performance during routine work contacts.1’ this is the best way to manage performance. The objective of a performance review is to improve the performance of the individual which will in turn improve the performance of the company. Performance reviews are very effective to both individual and the organisation. It can identify an individual’s strengths and areas of development and indicate how their strengths can be used within the company and how to overcome the individual’s weaknesses. This can also improve communications by giving staff the opportunity to talk and their ideas and expectations and how well they think they are progressing. Currently *****is going through a lot of procedural changes. There are no formal systems for appraisals currently with ****** but they are looking at introducing and implementing Formal Performance and Appraisal Reviews. When implemented each employee will have an appraisal three times within a 12 month period. This will be with a member of HR and the employee’s line manager. Currently we have very little is the way of formal appraisals, It is important to have formal appraisals annually once introduced as it shows the employee what their strengths and weaknesses are, in finding this we can then turn the weaknesses into their strengths enable the management team to improve the team and KPI’s. This said personally as a Team Lead I do try to have regular informal appraisals with my Team Members. This is beneficial to them and also to myself as it gives the opportunity to identify and deal with issues which they may have. We can agree and set new objectives which can be achieved or even exceeded. On each informal appraisal I make point of recognising the achievements which were made during the last period, by doing this I feel that the team member knows the work that has been done is appreciated and good work is always noted. This will create motivation and they will want to develop and achieve more. Performance appraisals should be based on trust and mutual respect. An appraisal works best when the team lead and employee know each other and there is mutual respect between the two. Team Motivation There are many different factors which influence how people behave at work and it can depend on the type of work that they do. The environment that people work in is very influential of how people behave at work as they are going to feel a lot better if the environment that they work in is nice and if they like it. If people are not going to get along with one another at work then they are not going to be happy when they are working, therefore they may not perform to the best of their ability and may struggle to meet the demands that ***** has in place. If you have happy workers, then you are going to have a successful organisation. It may be that the employees are not happy with certain factors and motions that are in place at the work place and therefore they are not going to feel passionate about what they are doing and therefore will be less productive. If I was to apply one recognised theory to my team I would choose Job enrichment. The focuses of job enrichment is giving people more control over their work and where possible, allow them to take on tasks that are typically done by supervisors. This means that they have more influence over planning, executing, and evaluating the jobs they do. I would do this by rotating roles on a periodic basis, this will give employees the opportunity to use and gain a variety of skills. I would move employees through different types of jobs that allow them to see different parts *****. This would enable them to learn what different areas in the company do and how each task affects their own work. I believe by doing this it will also increase communication among teams which will in time break down the current silo effect we currently have within ******. ‘Treat people the way they are and they will stay that way. Treat people the way they can become and they will become that way. 2’ – Johann Wolfgang Communication in the workplace Communication skills are important because the way we interact with employees affects how well employees receive the feedback given. A supervisor who can communicate work directives and employee feedback clearly, in a manner that motivates employees instead of alienating them is a more effective leader. Feedback is a main part of the communication process. We may misunderstand the receiver and therefore not fully understand the task or information that has been given, if we did not have some type of feedback from the other party we may never know whether what was done was correct and was completed in the way intended. As a Team leader, part of my role is to give feedback. Feedback is important to individuals and teams. They want to know what they are doing well and where they need to develop. Positive feedback When giving positive feedback full recognition and credit should be given to let employees know that the Team Leader appreciates them. Positive feedback on good performance is a strong motivator, employees are more likely to accept and respond to constructive criticism. When an individual takes pride in their work they need to be recognised and told that they are performing well. This is effective as the employee will want to work harder as they feel they are recognised and appreciated and will want to progress. Negative/Corrective Feedback Corrective Feedback is used to highlight what has been done wrong and indicates where the employee needs to spend their effort, This offers an insight into where and how the individual can improve. When receiving negative feedback the employee tends to remember the bad points and ignore the good this can demotivate them and make them feel insufficient. That said Corrective feedback can give the individual the information they need to correct this and take their performance to the next level. Conclusion To Conclude I have described the value of formal and informal performance assessments within *******.I explained the value of each and identified ways that will ensure that it is a fair and objective process. Following this I highlighted the factors that influence how people behave in the workplace,  and how I apply a recognised theory of motivation to my team to improve their performance. I have explained why feedback is important to improve communication and the performance in my team and compared the effectiveness of different types of feedback used in the workplace. References 1. Title – Performance Management: Getting Results from Your Performance Planning and Appraisal SystemAuthor – Roger J. Plachy and Sandra J. Plachy 2. Title – Faust Author – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749-1832