A Modest Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A Modest Proposal - Essay Example Swift’s thinking is that by stopped the issue from the beginning during the beginning periods of life, it makes everybody a mess simpler later on. Swift’s proposition is that little youngsters who are bound to turn into a weight on society are sold and transformed into meat for the eating delights of the rich and affluent. Quick takes away out the quantity of youngsters who have guardians who can bear to deal with them and furthermore those kids who bite the dust because of infection or mishap. The absolute figure that Swift concocts is 120,000 youngsters every year. Quick cases that these youngsters are unredeemable and the best way to give some profit to society is to auction them to be eaten. So as to reinforce his contention, Swift recounts at any rate six points of interest that would originate from his proposition: (1) the quantity of papists would be decreased. This would keep individuals from being fooled into following a religion that has no reason. Likewise, there is as of now an abundant flexibly of them, so no more are required; (2) poor guardians will have the option to be made up for the offer of their youn gster, and with this cash they will have the option to pay for their lease, and perhaps their corn and dairy cattle that had recently been detracted from them; (3) the nation’s economy will improve on the grounds that a mess of kids won't need to be accommodated. This is notwithstanding the new dish that would be available in cafés the country over; (4) guardians won't need to bring up their kids after the principal year of life, thus they will have the option to live better lives themselves. Cash spared from raising their youngsters would facilitate their weight in the long haul; (5) the presentation of infants as food would give another delicacy to all bars, and will bring about a flood in new clients; and (6) men would not mishandle their pregnant spouses since they would hurt their possibilities of having the option to sell their kid later on. Quick reasons that his solitary thought processes

Pharmacoeconomics Notes Essay

The Confessions is a work by Augustine that diagrams his corrupt youth and change to Christianity. Augustine composed it somewhere in the range of 397 and 401 while filling in as the minister of Hippo Regius. In his book, Augustine gives his very own record life from birth up to that point. He at that point expounded on different issues, for example, the production of the world, memory and time. A major fragment of the book is spent on Augustine’s admission of sins that he had battled with and how he had argued to God for redemption from those transgressions. Augustine expounds on his failure in carrying on with an unethical way of life. He laments having put stock in soothsaying and followed the Manichaean religion. He additionally expounds on how Nebridius convinced him that soothsaying was insidious and how St. Ambrose encouraged in his change to Christianity. The Confessions is at long last a location by Augustine to God in which he admits his wrongdoings, confidence, and acclaim. Augustine says that he composed the Confessions for â€Å"a individuals inquisitive to know the lives of others, however indiscreet to change their own.† Augustine knew that individuals wanted to chatter and look profoundly into the lives of others to perceive how they could talk down an individual and at last cause themselves to feel better. Augustine realized that his composing would have been examined however made it his motivation to come clean and show the provision of God in the life of a miscreant. He didn’t need anybody to think any preferred of himself over he really was. Another reason recorded as a hard copy Confessions was to make a quick security between his new Christian people group. His partners were suspicious of his agnostic impacted instruction just as his remaining as an ex-Manichee. He needed to tell them that he was dependable and he did that by putting in plain view the most noticeably awful and best of his life. Fundamentally, Augustine’s life turned into an open book for everybody to peruse and become more acquainted with by and by. Augustine could have additionally composed Confessions as an endeavor to get himself. He may have thought about his satisfaction in sex and the joys of this world to be an intolerable shortcoming and he expected to admit recorded as a hard copy that God alone was his genuine affection. Clearly Augustine is broken over his transgression and it is most likely something that devoured his brain. Getting this horrendous past behind him was absolutely critical and he did it through composing Confessions to God. The composing style with which Augustine composes the Confessions isâ amongst different things straightforwardly striking, empowering, and without regret. This is certainly not quite the same as present day journalists who attempt and mask their actual inward emotions while as yet attempting to compose with significant style. Augustine isn't attempting to keep down any piece of his life that he may be embarrassed about. It is an incredible opposite as he certainly commends the Lord and proclaims God’s enormity. Augustine perceives his place as a spot of residue that strives for a spot within the sight of omnipotent God who made the universe. He isn't afraid to compliment his Lord and consistently gives you an inclination that he isn't fulfilled until he discovers his rest in God. He is empowering all through his book as he passes on God’s reliability to him in any event, when he was profound into transgression. Regardless of what part of the book one peruses, the individual in question can generally relax because of the way that regardless of how far one runs from God, He is in every case in that spot sitting tight for us with great affection. Taking everything into account, Augustine is so centered around God, that he has no lament in sharing his accidents and announcing God’s pardoning. He realizes that he ran a long way from God however that God was in that spot the whole time. He feels very absurd and yet so appreciative for God’s ceaseless effortlessness. Augustine attests with enthusiasm that he needs to be filled by God and thus he can genuinely live.

Being productive over break

Being productive over break This post is delayed a few days due to publishing, but still relevant. Welcome back, everyone! I have to say, its great to be back, even though life is a bit busy! Part of what is helping me stay calm is the fact that I did a bit of work over break. First, let me acknowledge the fact that it can be hard to be productive over break. However, it certainly is possible, and youll thank yourself for your somewhat simplified life after break. If not everything is do on Monday, you dont absolutely have to do everything. Just begin doing something, and try to make as much progress as you can. Seriously, even just an hour of work a few days over break will help. Doing a little something over break will boost your confidence when you get back. Over break, I did some paperwork and half a project. Not too much, but it has made this week easier to handle! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Meditation Essay - 4138 Words

Meditation is an age-old practice that has renewed itself in many different cultures and times. Despite its age, however, there remains a mystery and some ambiguity as to what it is, or even how one performs it. The practice and tradition of meditation dates back thousands of years having appeared in many eastern traditions. Meditation’s ancient roots cloud its origins from being attributed to a sole inventor or religion, though Bon, Hindu, Shinto, Dao, and later, Buddhism are responsible for its development. Its practice has permeated almost all major world religions, but under different names. It has become a practice without borders, influencing millions with its tranquil and healing effects. Western medicine has recently†¦show more content†¦Regardless of a new capitalism, which has erupted around meditation, the practice has provided a mental oasis to millions of people strained and made anxious by the stresses of modern life. Meditation is the practice of â€Å"bringing the mind home . . . meant to awaken in us the sky-like nature of the mind, and to introduce us to that which we really are, our unchanging pure awareness, which underlies the whole of life and death.† (Rinpoche, 2002). Its goal is to relieve the suffering of the mind and lead its practitioners to the enlightenment found by Siddhartha Guatama or the Buddha while he sat beneath the Bodi tree. The mind’s home in meditation is a clear, lucid, unaltered state in which the fragmented frames of thought that usually circulates in the untrained mind are set aside and forced out. A mind free of worry and apprehension is at peace and free of suffering. A number of physical and mental exercises are used to bring the mind to this lucid state of natural existence. The four objects of consideration and awareness when meditating are the body, feelings, state of the mind, and the mind’s contents. Body positioning during meditation has practical and traditional roots. The posture assumed during meditation resembles the crossed leg position of the Buddha. Although there are many variations of posture and hand placement, they all attempt to create and emphasize the connectionShow MoreRelatedMeditation : Meditation And Meditation939 Words   |  4 Pagesdrug or anything like that. What I’m talking about and will be the topic of the article is MEDITATION! If you’re interested in learning more about meditation then this is the article for you. We’ll cover what is meditation, the meditation benefits, and how to begin meditating. What is Meditation? Meditation is control over your state of mind, not something you just do. This state achieved though meditation involves awareness and consciousness. You narrow your mind down to one thing and reduce sporadicRead MoreMeditation : Meditation And Meditation3069 Words   |  13 PagesMindfulness meditation can be very well described as the discipline which has the best of both areas, yoga and meditation. Adopting theses practices in your routine life can not only help you in attaining peace of mind and soul; you can also feel a positive energy surging inside you. They also lead you to a state of self realization, where your mind is away from the anxieties of the past and the anticipations about the future. And when you experience such perfection and balance of the mind and bodyRead MoreMeditation On The Practice Of Meditation1075 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout centuries, meditation has been utilized for spiritual guidance. Meditation is often practiced within quiet rooms, where one cannot be disturbed. In the recent years, meditation has expanded beyond the homes of individuals. Schools across the nation have begun researching t he benefits of meditation on students. The practice of meditation in schools has been shown to promote positive behavior in students; therefore it should be implemented in schools. The practice of meditation can be definedRead MoreA Research Study On Meditation966 Words   |  4 PagesBeatrix Zander 10/15/15 History Research Paper on Meditation May I be well and happy. May I be peaceful and calm. May I be protected from dangers. May my mind be free from hatred. May my heart be filled with love. May I be well and happy. (1) Meditation is a powerful tool that can be used by anyone regardless race,gender,social standing, religion, and intelligence. It’s a unifying practice. Meditation is a conscious effort to change how the mind works for better understanding the world and yourselfRead MoreEssay on Meditation1094 Words   |  5 PagesBack to Presentations Meditation Relaxation lowers blood pressure, calms the nervous system, releases tension in muscles, enhances immune system function, and reverses the damage done by negative stress. For relaxation to work its magic on the body, both the body and mind need to be still, and calm. As left side activity of the brain decreases, the intuitive, creative, right side of the brain becomes more active. We need to quiet the rational side and draw on our inner-wisdom, capacity forRead MoreMeditation : A Long History1237 Words   |  5 PagesMeditation has a long history that stretches back thousands of years. Nobody knows exactly where and when meditation began but scientists have evidence to believe that it began somwehere around 5,000 years ago. This was a time far before religious figures such as Jesus and Buddha are said to have existed. 5,000 years ago, much of the civilized world was nothing like it is today. It was mostly hunter gatherers with few villages in the open landscapes. Meditation is said by scientists to have mostRead MoreThe Meaning of Silence and Meditation 999 Words   |  4 Pagesa number of texts are; meditation, silence, connecting to God and spirituality. Two themes that are fundamental are silence and meditation. In meditation we find silence difficult but this is a factor that we need to work on because it is very important. A hypothesis has been created that will assist in critiquing and evaluating four Spiritual Writings in their attempt to finding the mystery of God. Contemporary Christian spirituality writings suggest that deep meditation and silence are fundamentalRead More Meditation: The Balance of Life Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesperforming meditation, but recently anyone has been trying it. Meditation is a practice that someone may train their mind to be in a state of consciousness that benefits their mind and body. Meditation is about paying attention, focusing and being very calm. It sharpens creativity and performance while enhancing relati onships. Meditators find when they stop taking things in life so seriously, the self drops away. They are more direct and absorb life easier. (Ellison 36) Meditation has been aroundRead MoreYog Yoga And Meditation753 Words   |  4 Pagesand Meditation The term â€Å"Yoga† has been derived from ye Sanskrit word, â€Å"Yuji† which means union. Through this exercise, a union of the mind and body with a sense of harmony and consciousness is achieved. Yoga is also universal. Yoga is used by many to help with health issues, and an overall feeling of wellness. Even known to help with some cancers. Yoga is not used just for religious purposes. Yoga has been said to have originated in India, before the coming of Christ. Yoga and Meditation areRead MoreReflective Essay On Meditation1711 Words   |  7 PagesMeditation Meditation can be used as a way for stress relief, a form of reflection, or just to spend time with God and speak to him. Most people see meditation as a way to have time to themselves, relax, and think about nature, life, or God. According to Foster, the purpose of meditation is to have focus on faithfulness and obedience for Jesus. A person’s challenge of achieving absolute meditation is overcoming the obstacles of the devil. This means ignoring the distractions around you such as;

Analysis Of David Ogilvy s The Consumer Isn t A Moron

Professional Advertiser - David Ogilvy â€Å"The consumer isn t a moron. She is your wife.† A strongly worded quote from David Ogilvy highlights the importance of the relationship and connection necessary between and advertiser and his or her consumer. Ogilvy, like many others, started from the bottom and worked tirelessly to the top. Born in Oxford, England on June 23, 1911, David would live the next twenty seven years in and around his hometown. David studied at two different colleges and ended up graduating from neither Fettes College nor Christ Church. Going nowhere fast, David began a career working in a kitchen. Not long into his career there did he realize the job description did not match his big ideas for what his life was supposed to be like. David spoke the following words about his kitchen work: â€Å"If I stayed at the Majestic I would have faced years of slave wages, fiendish pressure, and perpetual exhaustion.† Quitting this career opened the door for his big change in the advertising world. (David Ogilvy Biography | Ogilvy Mather) Ogilvy began selling stoves to everyone. Nothing out of the ordinary or overpriced expensive appliances, but a simple generic cooking stove became David’s first encounter with consumers face to face. David took this door to door work very seriously and became one with his clientele. He never limited himself when the sale came down to a consumer. Whether the consumer was a religious service member or a single mother, David spread his

Case Study of Lipids Free Essays

Lipid Panels Case Study Subject #1 This fifty year old man that has no apparent health problems has a low ‘HDL’ of 30mg/dl. That’s not a good thing because he’ll be more likely to develop heart disease or have a heart attack/stroke. Anything over 60mg/dl is considered to be optimal. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Lipids or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is border line high for LDL’s of 160mg/dl, the ideal number is 100mg/dl or lower. That number tells me he is at greater risk to heart disease and/or heart attack. Better diet and exercise would help him tremendously. He is also in the high range for triglycerides at 300mg/dl, considering anything under 150mg/dl is normal. He is at risk for high blood pressure and diabetes to name a couple things. Staying away from cigarettes, eating the right foods, and exercise would be ideal. After 150-199mg/dl it just goes to borderline, then high levels 200-499mg/dl, and then very high levels 500mg/dl or higher. Subject #2 Is a forty five year-old sedentary women who is 5’9† tall and weighs 170 pounds, with a history of hypertension. She has a ‘HDL’ level of 40mg/dl which is not very good it should be at or above 60mg/dl. She has a ‘LDL’ of 140mg/dl that is borderline high and her triglyceride level is at 250mg/dl which is high. She is high risk for heart disease, heart attack, stroke, obesity, and is at risk for metabolic syndrome. These can be greatly reduced by exercising 30 min a day for 4 days, eating healthier foods such as oily fish, fruits, and veggies. Subject #3 Is a sixty year-old sedentary who stands 5’9† tall and his weight is 230lbs. He has an ‘HDL’ level of 25mg/dl and that is low, it should be 60mg/dl or higher. Unfortunately a low (High-Density Lipoprotein) or ‘LDL’ puts you at risk of a heart attack, heart disease, or stroke. Eating less animal and partially hydrogenated fats along with exercise can help. This man has a (Low-Density Lipoprotein) or ‘LDL’ at 250mg/dl which is extremely high. He needs to try and eat more healthy foods like oily fish, veggies, fruits, whole-grains, high-fiber foods, and exercise as much as he can to try and bring that number down. Otherwise he will be more likely to develop heart diseases, stroke or a number of the bad things. And his Triglyceride level was at 115mg/dl, which is pretty good or normal I should say. High triglyceride levels could increase the risk of heart disease and might be a sign of metabolic syndrome. Resources http://circ. ahajournals. org/cgi/content/full/114/1/82 http://americanheart. org/ How to cite Case Study of Lipids, Free Case study samples

Meaning of Ceteris Paribus free essay sample

In economics and finance,  the term is used as shorthand for indicating the effect of one economic variable on another, holding constant all other variables that may affect the second variable One of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus clauses are most widely used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and description of economic outcomes. When using ceteris paribus in economics, assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant, . In effect all extra variables remain unchanged and there are no outside influences on the variables being looked at. The only variables being considered are price and demand. It does not take into account any other things, such as inflation, product improvements, etc. This allows for the explanation, examination and understanding of basic economic rules. This operational description intentionally ignores both known and unknown factors that may also influence the relationship between price and quantity demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Ceteris Paribus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include: the relative change in price of substitute goods, (e. g. , the price of beef vs pork or lamb); the level of risk aversion among buyers (e. g. , fear of mad cow disease); and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level (e. g. a societal shift toward vegetarianism) In this example, the clause is used to operationally describe everything surrounding the relationship between both the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good. when  discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that  if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise. Here, the use of ceteris paribus is simply saying that as long as all other factors that could affect the outcome (such as  the existence of a substitute product) remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. For example as the price of Pepsi cola rises, the quantity demanded of Pepsi cola falls, ceteris paribus. If the price raise of Pepsi-cola and nothing else changes, in other words, people’s preferences stay the same, the recipe for Pepsi-cola stays the same, and so on, then in response to the higher price of Pepsi-cola, people will buy less Pepsi-cola. In a nutshell the term ceteris paribus is used to define the law of demand and supply and it literally means all other things remain constant and nothing else changes. Meaning of Ceteris Paribus free essay sample In economics and finance,  the term is used as shorthand for indicating the effect of one economic variable on another, holding constant all other variables that may affect the second variable One of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus clauses are most widely used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and description of economic outcomes. When using ceteris paribus in economics, assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant, . In effect all extra variables remain unchanged and there are no outside influences on the variables being looked at. The only variables being considered are price and demand. It does not take into account any other things, such as inflation, product improvements, etc. This allows for the explanation, examination and understanding of basic economic rules. This operational description intentionally ignores both known and unknown factors that may also influence the relationship between price and quantity demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Ceteris Paribus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include: the relative change in price of substitute goods, (e. g. , the price of beef vs pork or lamb); the level of risk aversion among buyers (e. g. , fear of mad cow disease); and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level (e. g. a societal shift toward vegetarianism) In this example, the clause is used to operationally describe everything surrounding the relationship between both the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good. when  discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that  if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise. Here, the use of ceteris paribus is simply saying that as long as all other factors that could affect the outcome (such as  the existence of a substitute product) remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. For example as the price of Pepsi cola rises, the quantity demanded of Pepsi cola falls, ceteris paribus. If the price raise of Pepsi-cola and nothing else changes, in other words, people’s preferences stay the same, the recipe for Pepsi-cola stays the same, and so on, then in response to the higher price of Pepsi-cola, people will buy less Pepsi-cola. In a nutshell the term ceteris paribus is used to define the law of demand and supply and it literally means all other things remain constant and nothing else changes.

Smart Materials in Aerospace Industry free essay sample

Within each subsection, we will draw a relationship between the properties of the smart material and its molecular mechanism. This is followed by presenting an outline of their recent and future applications, and the experimental procedures and results done in recent researches to show the feasibility of these applications. In the Discussion section, we will be delving into the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of using smart materials in aerospace components. Finally, the conclusion will give an insight into the relationship between the use of smart materials and the design of future aircrafts. 1. Introduction Smart materials are defined as materials that can significantly change their intrinsic properties (mechanical, thermal, optical or electromagnetic), in a predictable and controlled manner in response to their environmental stimulus[1]. In general, these materials can be categorized into 3 categories, namely thermal-to-mechanical (shape memory alloys), electrical-to-mechanical (piezoelectric), and magnetic-to-mechanical (magnetostrictive). Materials engineering has undergone a major transformation in the recent decade, as atoms and molecules are no longer viewed and worked upon on the microscopic level, but now on the nanometer level. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Materials in Aerospace Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Materials requirements are becoming more complex, especially in the aerospace industry in which safety and cost-effectiveness often conflict against each other. It is no longer acceptable for materials to have a single function; they need to be multifunctional to save costs and weight. Smart materials are now replacing monolithic ones to achieve multiple functions at all scale levels. Hence, smart materials are essentially integrated into the use of aerospace components. What differentiates smart materials from normal monolithic ones? Smart materials exhibit characteristics which most scientists would term as ‘intelligence’. This includes immediacy (the ability to respond in real time); transiency (the ability to respond to more than one environmental states); self-actuation (inherent intelligence within material); selectivity (having a discrete and predictable response); and lastly, directness (response is local to the ‘activating’ event)[2]. The performance characteristics of aircrafts are often limited by properties of materials used in both the airframe and propulsion systems. With the recent advancement of materials technology, high performance materials are created, resulting in a breakthrough in the performance and efficiency of modern aircrafts. The discovery of smart materials provides cost-effective and innovative solutions to the limitations currently faced in the design of aircrafts. These smart materials perform specialized functions when exposed to external stimuli, and they are increasingly being used to replace conventional aircraft parts for better performance. In this report, we shall look at the current and future use of these smart materials in the aerospace industry. 1. Purpose The purpose of this report is to introduce the different types of smart materials and their applications in the aerospace industry. Recent and emerging uses of these smart materials will also be presented, with brief experimental procedures and results obtained from recent researches and experiments to show the feasibility in aerospace applications. 1. 2 Background Smart material transformation was first observed on gold-cadmium, and recorded in 1932. Five year later, in 1938, the same phase transformation was observed in brass. In 1962, Beehler and coworkers discovered the shape memory effects of Nickel-Titanium alloy, and they named this family of alloy as Nitinol. The discovery of Nitinol ignites the discovery of other alloy systems with shape memory effect, and also accelerates the use of smart materials in product development. [3] Since then, aerospace companies are also exploring the use of smart materials in aircraft components. Conventional automatic control systems which use servo-valve or hydraulic actuators face a lot of limitations. These limitations include multiple energy conversions, complexity due to large number of parts resulting in large number of potential failure sites and large weight penalty, high vulnerability of hydraulic network, and frequency limitation. In contrast, the advantages from the use of smart materials actuators include the direct conversion of electrical energy to high frequency linear motion, easier transmission of electrical energy throughout aircraft, and light and compact smart materials induced-strain actuation in place of bulky hydraulic power systems. With this huge potential offered by smart materials, researchers are eager to tap on this potential, by exploring on ways to implement these smart materials into aircraft components. 1. 3 Scope This report will present the 4 common types of smart materials that are popular in the market. A brief description will be made with regards to the mechanism of how the smart materials function. The properties of the smart materials will then be related to their current and future aerospace application. This is followed by the detailed outline of the experimental procedures undertaken by past researches, as well as results obtained which prove the feasibility of using these smart materials for the aerospace applications. Finally, discussions will be made on the viability of the use of smart materials in the aerospace industry, in terms of safety, cost feasibility and future trends. . Types and Applications of Smart Materials 1. Piezoelectric Material Piezoelectricity is the generation of electrical potential in a material in response to a mechanical stress. This is known as the direct effect. It can also mean mechanical deformation upon the application of electrical charge or signal (Harrison JS and Ounaies Z, 2001). In this case, the material can serve as a sensor to detect m echanical stress. In addition, the materials can serve as an actuator when there’s a large increase of size due to electrical stimuli. The two types of piezoelectric materials that are used as smart materials are piezoelectric ceramic and polymer. Properties Piezoelectric materials are widely used as they possess favorable properties such as fast electromechanical response, wide bandwidth, high generative force and relatively low power requirements (Harrison JS and Ounaies Z, 2001). In addition, piezoelectric polymers are flexible, lightweight, and have low acoustic and mechanical impedance, while piezoelectric ceramics are brittle, heavy and toxic. Mechanism Piezoelectric effect is formed in crystals that have no centre of symmetry. One end of the molecule is more negatively charged while the other end is more positively charged, hence a dipole moment exists within the molecule. This is due to both the atomic configuration of the molecule, and also the molecular shape. Polar axis is the imaginary line that runs through the centre of both charges on the molecule. The orientation of the polar axis determines the type of crystal. For monocrystal, all the molecules’ polar axes are oriented in the same direction (Figure 2. 1. 1), while for polycrystal, the polar axes of molecules are oriented in different direction (Figure 2. . 2) [pic][pic] Figure 2. 1. 1 Figure 2. 1. 2 To create the piezoelectric effect, polycrystal is heated under the application of a strong electric field. The high temperature increases the rate of self-diffusion among the molecules, while the strong electric field forces almost all of the dipoles to orient in nearly the same direction (Figure 2. 1. 3) [pic] Figure 2. 1. 3 Piezoelectric ef fect can now be observed in the crystal (Figure 2. 1. 4). Figure (a) shows the piezoelectric material in its neutral state. When the material is compressed, a voltage of the same polarity as the resultant dipole moment will appear between the electrodes (Figure (b)). Conversely, the voltage will be of opposite polarity when the material is expanded (Figure (c)). Similarly, a voltage applied that is opposite to the poling voltage will cause the material to expand(Figure (d)), while an applied voltage of the same polarity will cause the material to be compressed (Figure (e)). If an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the material will vibrate with the same frequency as the signal. [pic] Figure 2. 1. 4 Advantages and Disadvantages[4] Advantages |Disadvantages | |Compact and lightweight |Brittle due to crystalline structure | |Displacement proportional to applied voltage |Produce small strains compared to SMA and magnetostrictives | |Operate over large temperature range |Cannot withstand high shear and tension | |Fast response to applied voltage(msec) |Aging of material | |Repeatable sub-nanom eter steps at high frequency |Uses active control, which can result in instability | |No moving parts |Can become depolarized (at high temperature, high voltages and large | |Function at high frequencies |stresses) | |Excellent stability | | |Easily embedded into laminated composites. Aerospace Applications Piezoelectric materials are mainly used in the aerospace industry for shape control and vibration control. †¢ Tail-Buffet Suppression High performance aircrafts with twin vertical tails often face the aeroelastic phenomenon of tail buffeting, in which the unsteady vortices that emanates from the wing leading edge extensions burst and immerse the vertical tails in their wake. This results in severe vertical tail response and buffet loads, which lowers airframe life and increases maintenance costs. pic][pic] Before the development of piezoelectric actuators, various method of alleviating buffeting was used. One method was the use of hydraulic actuators to superimpose the oscillations of affected control surfaces about their hinges, so as to effect damping. However, this method has two disadvantages. Firstly, the flight control system and buffeting-minimization system must use the same degree of freedom for the same control surface, thus reducing the availabi lity of the control surface for each role. Secondly, operations are limited to low frequencies due to the difficulty of oscillation a large control surface about its hinges. Experiment The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) collaborated with National Research Council Canada (NRC) and Department of Defense of Canada (DND) in researching about the feasibility of using piezoelectric actuators for tail buffet suppression on a full-scale F/A-18. The full-scale aircraft was tested in the International Follow-On Structural Test (IFOST) Program rig in Australia (Yousefi-Koma A Zimcik DG 2003). The procedures for the experiment are as follow: †¢ The starboard fin of the aircraft was instrumented with piezoelectric actuators over a wide area on both sides of the fin, as shown in Figure 2. 1. 5. [pic] Figure 2. 1. 5 †¢ Accelerometers and strain gauges are placed strategically to measure displacements, and hence calculate the vibration amplitude. †¢ Electrodynamic shakers are attached to the fin to induce structural vibration. These shakers are controlled by the test rig control system to model actual flight structural loads. †¢ In the experiment, four custom-made high-power amplifiers of 2kVA rating over 200Hz bandwidth were used. Results Conclusion The experimental results have shown that the active control system using piezoelectric actuators was able to effectively suppress the buffet response of the vertical fin at high angle of attack. Amplitude reductions of up to 60% at the normal flight configuration and close to 10% in the worst case scenario were observed (Yousefi-Koma A Zimcik DG 2003). It was estimated even a small 10% reduction in vibration amplitude would double the durability of the fin. Hence, it can be concluded that with the use of piezoelectric actuators in active-control surface modal (ACSM) device to deform the control surface, the control surface not only can respond to buffeting-minimization signals, but also flight control commands. †¢ Wing Flutter Damping When a structure is placed in a flow of sufficiently high velocity, an aeroelastic self-excited vibration takes place, which has a sustained or divergent amplitude. This results in dynamic instability that can get violent. This is because at high speed, the effect of the airstream can cause the coupling of two or more vibration modes such that the vibrating structure will extract energy from the airstream. The extracted energy equals the amount of energy that the structure can dissipate at the critical speed, and a neutrally stable vibration exists. However, above this critical speed, the vibration amplitude will diverge, causing structural failure. Experiment and Result The Piezoelectric Aeroelastic Response Tailoring Investigation was conducted at MIT with the support of NASA, and it aims to achieve the following objectives: determining the power consumption of the piezoelectric actuators while controlling the response of the structure; investigating optimal piezoelectric actuator placement; and, testing disturbance rejection controllers at zero airspeed (Anna-Maria Rivas McGowan). The major components of the 4-feet test model, as shown in Figure 2. 1. , consist of two primary structures: an exterior fiberglass shell, which is used to obtain aerodynamic lift; an interior composite plate that contains the piezoelectric actuators, and is made up of an aluminium honeycomb core sandwiche d by graphite epoxy plates. The plates are of [20 °2/0 °]s laminate, referenced to the wings quarter-chord which is swept 30 °, and this provides a static coupling of the bending and torsional behaviour. Fifteen groups of piezoceramic actuators patches are placed at the top and bottom of the interior plate, and they are configured to impart moments to the plate. Together with the orientation of the graphite epoxy and the wing sweep angle, the actuators can affect bending and torsional vibration of the model. Forces on the model were monitored using ten strain gauges and four accelerometers. To acquire time history data, each of the 15 piezoelectric actuator groups was activated individually, as well as in five sets of several actuator groups. The experimental results is shown in the graphs in Figure 2. 1. 7. In summary, it shows that the control system can effect successful flutter suppression and gust reduction in the model, with a 12% increase in flutter damping and 75% decrease in root-bending moment caused by gusts. This clearly shows the potential of the use of piezoelectric actuators in suppressing the detrimental effects of wing flutter. Rotor Blade Twist Outboard portion of the blade travel faster, and with the same lift coefficient, higher lift force is concentrated near the blade tip. To distribute the lift force evenly among the blades, the angle of attack is made to be lower near the blade tip, and higher near the blade root, such that the lift coefficient decreases with increasing distance from the blade root. This can be done by induced blade twisting, through the embedment of piezoelectric materials into the blade skin. Active fibre composites (AFC) are actually used, which consists of continuous, aligned PZT fibres in an epoxy layer (Figure 2. 1. ), and copper electrode films that are etched into an inter-digitated pattern to effect the electric field along the fibre direction, as shown in Figure 2. 1. 9 (Rodgers and Hagood, 1998). [pic][pic] Figure 2. 1. 8 Figure 2. 1. 9 Experiment Active Fiber Composite (AFC) was fitted into the construction of a 1/6th scale replicate of CH-47D blade model (60. 619in span and 5. 388in chord). The blade was sent for wind tunnel testing at Boeing Helicopters, PA. Three AFC plies were diagonally placed in the co-cured D-spar blade lay-up. When the fibres are activated, it causes a shear in the spar skin, which creates the blade twist effect.

Different Types Of Sharks Essays - Carcharhinidae, Sharks

Different Types Of Sharks Essays - Carcharhinidae, Sharks Different Types Of Sharks INTRODUCTION Although sharks belong to the class Chondrichtyes, there are many different types. Sharks arose about 350 million years ago and have remained virtually unchanged for the past 70 million years and still comprise a dominant group. It is thought that sharks almost certainly evolved from placoderms, a group of primitive jawed fishes. It took a long series of successful and unsuccessful mutations with fin, jaw positions etc to give us all the different designs of sharks around today. When asked to draw a shark, most people would draw a shape along the lines of the whaler shark family, tigers or a mackeral shark such as a porbeagle. However many people do not realize the sheer diversity in the shape of sharks, or that rays are really sharks. Seldom does such an animal inspire such a variety of emotions reflecting a mixture of fascination, awe and fear. Sharks have occasionally exacted a terrible price from humans who have trespassed on their territory. No better understood than the ocean that they inhabit, these creatures should be regarded in the same way as lions, tigers, and bears: as dangerous, predatory but nonetheless magnificent animals. Different Types of Sharks Living sharks are divided into eight major orders, each easily recognizable by certain external characteristics. Each order contains one or more smaller groups, or families. In all there are 30 families of sharks and they contain the 350 or more different kinds or species of sharks. The eight major orders of sharks include the Squantiformes, Pristiophormes, Squaliformes, Hexanchiformes, Carcharhiniformes, Lamniformes, Orectolobiformes, and the Heterodotiformes. The orders have distinguishing characteristics that fit in each. The Squantiformes normally have flat bodies that are ray-like with mottled dorsal surfaces. These sharks have a short terminal mouth, which is armed with small impaling teeth. They also have a caudal fin, which has a lower lobe that is longer than the upper lobe. Their pectoral fins extend forward over the ventrally directed gills. The Pristiophormes have more of an elongated snout, which is saw-like and edged with slender, needle-sharp lateral teeth. They have two dorsal fins and no anal fin. They use short transverse mouths and small cuspidate holding teeth in both jaws. Squaliformes have no anal fin as well, but their snout is not elongated, but is somewhat long. Many have powerful cutting teeth in both jaws. In some species these razor sharp teeth are in the lower jaw only and the upper teeth serve to hold the food. Hexanchiformes have six or seven gill slits. They are sharks with a single spineless dorsal fin, and an anal fin. The typical Carcharhiniforme has an elongated snout, a long mouth that reaches behind the eyes, an anal fin and two spineless dorsal fins. The eyes have movable, nictitating lower eyelids worked by unique muscles. Teeth vary from small and cuspidate or flattened to large and bladelike. Carcharhiniformes have no enlarged rear crushing teeth. Along with this they have a spiral scroll intestinal valve. A Lamniforme shark has an elongated snout. Most have long mouths that reach behind the eyes, an anal fin and two spineless dorsal fins. They also have a ring intestinal valve. The Orectolobiformes have pig-like snouts and short mouths that in most species are connected to the nostrils by grooves. There is an anal fin but no fin spines on the two dorsal fins. They have uniquely formed barbells at the inside edges of the nostrils. Heterodotiformes are the only living shark that combines fin spines on their two dorsal fins and anal fin. They only have five-gill slits. In each order there are specific types of sharks. Each shark belongs to a family with different species. The Angel shark (Squantiforme) is just one of the many. It has a single family of about thirteen species. They are all ovoviviparous livebearers and most do not exceed 1.5 meters. Saw sharks (Pristiophoriformes) are harmless bottom sharks. They are also a single family but with five species. They are also ovoviviparous livebearers. Four sharks that belong to the order Sqauliforme are the Bramble, Dogfish, and Rough sharks. They have three families with eighty-two species. They too, are ovoviviparous livebearers. They have more cylindrical bodies. Frilled sharks, Six, and Seven gill sharks (Hexanchiformes) have two

How to Manage the Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

How to Manage the Risk - Essay Example The major purpose of the bank is to support the favorable economic conditions which will help to stabilize the monetary policy of USA. This factor includes price stabilization, money supply, acquisition of credit and increase in overall growth and employment. As a central bank, it also needs to monitor and supervise the operations of other commercial banks to make sure the safety and security and to protect the interest of the customers. The most important enforcement capability of Federal Reserve is that it controls inflation and generates employment opportunities in the United States. It also helps the US govt. and other financial institutions in the US in their operations. There are mainly three types of tools used by Federal Reserve Bank to implement the monetary policy- Open Market Operations, Discount Rate, Reserve Requirement. Monetary policy is set by basically raising or declining the discount rate that is charged to banks for interbank lending of surplus reserves. This rate is decided by the interbank market but FED also influences that by usage of three tools that are mentioned above. Consequences of Federal Reserve are that Federal funds rate actually affects the long-term interest rates in the economy. Fed is able to keep monetary and financial conditions stable with its monetary policy. Fed can also make policies that will help to add more reserves to the banks which will encourage the lending of low-interest rates thus influencing the growth of money and credit in the economy.... This will leverage the returns. But as the economy goes downwards, assets prices also tend to go downward and it magnifies the loss. Same was happened in the case of Lehman Brothers. They invested in Mortgage backed securities and when the housing price bubble started to default the investments became illiquid. Assume that a well managed retail bank might have a leverage of 12 times which means for every 1 pound it can lend 12 pound. But in the year 2004, Lehman had a leverage of 20 and then it increased to 44 in 2007. But then the assets prices had started to move downside. The situation had become like with 10000 pound someone was buying a property using 440000 pound mortgage and the borrower of the bank became insolvent and thus the bank. Inconsistent management decisions are responsible for it. Management should have thought again before investing in subprime mortgages. Liquidity Businesses mainly fail not because of lack of profits, but it fails because of liquidity crunch. Lehm an Brothers had its assets and liabilities based on a small amount of liquidity. In other words it didn’t have enough ready cash or liquid assets to face the crisis. When market fell, other commercial banks started to protect own selves by using Lehman’s base of credits. It means that Lehman was losing it liquidity t a very fast pace and by seen that other banks refused to trade with the company and market lost its confidence over the investment bank which was the final nail in the coffin of Lehman. The bank became totally insolvent. Overconfidence of the management that it will earn liquidity in proper time was the most vulnerable decision for the bank. Losses After the devastation of twin towers in USA in 2001, interest rates started to crash

Vulnerable Population in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vulnerable Population in the workplace - Essay Example On the other hand, in their service delivery, psychiatrist nurses experiences some barriers which hinder their services delivery to Alzheimer’s diseases patients. The available barriers in mental healthcare settings magnifies the disorder complications to patients, it hinders access to nurses and other mental health specialists by most patients, increases overreliance on caregivers for assistance and transport, over dependant on entitlement initiatives as well as increasing cognitive impairment (Lyketsos, Toone and Tschanz, 2010). The essay below will focus on the barriers encountered by psychiatrist nurses in their daily activities in psychiatric hospital. The essay will also offer some strategies to decrease or if possible eliminate these barriers. To start with, structural barriers constitute the main hindrance to psychiatric nurses’ quality service delivery. Structural setbacks in most cases influence nurses’ ability to efficiently diagnoses and treat neurops ychiatric complications brought about by Alzheimer’s diseases. Some of the main structural barriers that hamper with service delivery among psychiatric nurses include lack of the required psychiatric and geriatric skills and training as well as inadequate number of trained neuropsychologist and psychiatrist in healthcare systems. The structural barriers are in most cases known to compromise and complicate the care and treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases. Structural barriers in hospital setting have also amplified the burden in families that provide home care services to vulnerable and elderly patients in (Lyketsos, Toone and Tschanz, 2010). Secondly, lack of adequate time, resources, treatment options, and nurses’ abilities to offer comprehensive care to patients has significant negative impact to nurses’ service delivery in mental healthcare systems. The health care system has very limited trained and qualified professionals in psychiatry and referral serv ices. Limited access to qualified psychiatrist nurses and practitioners means that, the available nurses are forced to offer medical care to complicated disorders which are beyond their professional training. Lack of adequate qualified practitioners has also lowered greatly the quality of services offered to patients in healthcare systems. Additionally, patients care is compromised by healthcare setbacks presented in offering the required treatment. Delays in offering apposite services are brought about by inadequate mental healthcare centers which led to delayed access to mental health services. Owing to inadequate number of trained psychiatrists, nurse in most cases are left with no option rather than to offer care to patient before consultation with mental specialist. Other nurses are forced to delay their services to patient which results to complication of the problem (Lyketsos, Toone and Tschanz, 2010). Due to limited available treatment services, nurses also experience brunt of families’ worries and frustration concerning poor services offered by inexperienced practitioners. Limited referral services to intricate disorders have also complicated access to quality services among severely infected patients. Moreover, family perception towards Alzheimer’s diseases symptoms also complicates nurses’ efforts to offer care to Alzheimer’s diseases patients. Access to referral services for medical assistance is extremely a complicated process especially for low income

Early Psychology And Introspection Psychology Essay

Early Psychology And Introspection Psychology Essay The question of whether psychology is a science persists. John Broadus Watson ignited this topic, offering strong evidence in pursuits of establishing psychology as an empirical science. Today, some psychologists reject the idea that psychology is a science at all, while others who agree weigh heavily on the role of behavior. Historically, traditional views on psychology have been unscientific. Offering an alternative view, the central idea in behaviorism is the prediction and control of behavior. Although controversial, the evidence for behaviorism, its contribution to the field, research, and treatment of disorders is undeniable. This paper addresses a history of behaviorism, with focus on the viewpoint and contribution of John B. Watson. Additionally, behaviorisms application to the field of clinical psychology is discussed. Keywords: behaviorism, learning, classical conditioning Behaviorism: A History of John B. Watson and Contributions to Clinical Psychology The interest in knowing and understanding human behavior is deeply rooted within historical philosophies and persists today. The desire to obtain tangible evidence in order to measure ones actions, thoughts, and emotions paved many ideas, including John Broadus Watsons revolutionary theory of Behaviorism (Hart Kristonis, 2006). Before he established behaviorism, Watson considered learning as one of the most important factors of psychology and established it as a central topic for basic research and application of American psychology (Rilling, 2000). Dissatisfied with the view that psychology focused on the mind, he dedicated his career to establishing psychology as a valid science. His dedication to learning and establishment of behaviorism shed light on several important clinical issues such as mental health disorders, drug addiction and phobias. In regards to theory, Watson is credited for having brought validity to some of the psychoanalytic concepts such as the role of early chi ldhood experiences, relationships, and the effects of trauma. His interest and dedication to uncovering psychopathology led to the discovery of conditioned emotional responses and an explanation for learning of feared behaviors (Rilling, 2000). Today, the contribution of Watson is undeniable. Therapies with strong behavioral components are utilized and applicable to many disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a history of Watsons behaviorism emphasizing the foundations of his work through his viewpoint. In addition to history, behaviorist contribution within the field of psychology and modern clinical psychology utilization are discussed. Historical Roots of Behaviorism Science originally developed within, and eventually navigated away from philosophy. Before astronomy and physics understood phenomena through observation, philosophers used God as the means to reason and conclude about the universe (Baum, 1994). Philosophers weighed heavily on Gods contribution to living and nonliving organisms, referencing the soul as the force of life. The Enlightenment saw substantial contributions to science as philosophers such as Galileo and Newton uncovered scientific truth through observation (Baum, 1994). Emphasizing data, early physiologists such as William Harvey conceptualized the body as a machine, discovering in which the heart functioned like a pump, circulating blood through tissues, arteries and veins (Baum, 1994). In addition, Charles Darwins theory of evolution radically debunked the bibles accounts of the creation and offered a new explanation that left out God (Baum, 1994). As astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology began to break away from phi losophical thought, so did the field of psychology. Early Psychology and Introspection Late nineteenth century labeled psychology as the science of mind. The field of psychology emerged as a discipline through Wilhelm Wundts laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879 (Moore, 2011). In his work, Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness was the appropriate subject for psychology, conducting experiments within areas now known as sensation and perception. Following Wundt, Titcheners structuralism, focused on sensations, images, and feelings, researched by drawing inferences from participants introspective reports and reaction times, indicating which sensations were higher or lower in the structure of consciousness (Moore, 2011). An alternative functionalism employed similar methods as structuralists but emphasized the function of conscious mental phenomena. For example, functionalists might use reaction times to study how childrens conscious mental phenomena developed over time, in efforts to provide individual education services (Moore, 2011). Concerns manifeste d in practical applications of either theory, and a lack of reliability. Introspection as a method was particularly problematic. For instance, concerning the lack of reliability, research findings with the introspective method were not often replicated with other participants or in other laboratories (Moore, 2011). Problems with Psychology The major emphasis of contention for Watson within psychology was introspection, specifically within the theories of structuralism and functionalism. Structuralist and functionalist views incorporated introspection to understand the contents and function of consciousness, using it as data in forming conclusions about human behavior (Carr, 1930; Boring, 1954). Unlike scientific method, Watson believed that introspection was biased towards the individual, had unreliable methods and formed baseless speculations (Baum, 1994; Watson, 1913). Further, he discarded introspective methods due to their inapplicability to animals, believing that the fundamentals of human behavior may be better explained through animal experiments. He rejected both theories, due to his belief that they lacked the applicability, consistency and logic for the more pressing issues within the field (Mills, 1999; Watson; 1913). To Watson, the introspective aspects of consciousness (feeling, choice, judgment) had not d emonstrated functional use, were unreliable and impossible to verify in an experimental setting (Boring, 1954). Behaviorist Psychology Watson grew frustrated with psychology defined as science of consciousness, attributing to psychologys failure in becoming a true science (Watson, 1913). It was in his 1913 publication Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, that he stated his intentions to change the subject of psychology from consciousness to behavior, replacing introspective methods with objective approaches. For him, the goal of behaviorist psychology was in the prediction and control of behavior (Goss, Watson, 1913; 1924; Rilling, 2000). From his point of view, behavior is a function of stimulating conditions within in the environment and characteristics (e.g., drive states, hereditary, habit, emotions) within the organism, later defining behaviorism as stimulus-response, or S-R (Wozniak, 1997; Watson, 1919). According to him, behavior consists of motor and glandular responses to sensory stimuli (sensorimotor) (Woodworth, 1959). A stimulus arouses activity in one or more receptors, exciting nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord where outgoing nerve currents are excited in the motor and glandular nerves with resulting excitation of muscles and glands. Whatever organizational activity is taking place, it is present in the brain and spinal cord, and should not be attributed to higher processes (Woodworth, 1959). Watson formally ruled introspection out of psychology and urged for applicable undertakings within psychology, beneficial to the legal, educational, medical and business arenas (Boring, 1954; Watson, 1913; Mills, 1999). For the first time behaviorism was given definitive goals, methods and parameters.   The structure that Watson illustrated for the behaviorism was a discipline based heavily in rationalist thought, and on the precept that learning, and habit is the major influence on development (Rilling, 2000; King, Viney, Woody, 2009). Thinking and Language. Watson believed that the causes of behavior were within the environment rather than the mind (Markey, 1925). In his 1919 book Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, Watson rejected the concept of mind completely, extending all of his behaviorist views to introspective activities, such as language and thinking (Markey, 1925). According to him, thinking a mental process, is actually an overt behavior nothing more than sub-vocal speaking, or silent talking (Watson, 1920). Thinking is a verbal process where expressive movements (gestures) serve as substitution of words. In the study of human behavior, Watsons views on language explained consciousness and awareness as an objective mechanistic process. Higher order processing (e.g., expression of the face, hands, shoulders), fulfill the symbolic character necessary in language. Our whole body comes to be part of the language mechanism providing a basis for imagery, reasoning, and thought (Watson, 1920). To Freud, Watson proposed a behavioristic translation of the unconscious, stating that situations where language is covert, or un-verbalized is the unconscious, where overt language, speaking is the state of conscious (Goss, 1961; Watson, 1928). In summary, thinking, where learning is involved, is a trial-and-error process dependent upon motor expression and language (Watson, 1920). As the 20th century sought to uncover the actual mechanisms of learning, Watson discovered the opportunity to extend learning experiments to psychologists (Rilling, 2000). Central to his theory was the concept of habits. Watson believed that personality, like language also developed through a system of habit and conditioning, beginning immediately after birth. Furthermore, he believed that pathology depended on the environment, normal personality is a function of healthy upbringing, while weaknesses in person were related to trauma, or punishment (King et al., 2009). Behaviorists avoid terms such as normal and abnormal, because t hese words imply an absolute distinction between health and sickness (Roberts, 2012). Watson argued in which mental illness was a product of environmental conditioning, and is best illustrated through his famous work on fear conditioning (King et al., 2009). Contributions of Classical Conditioning. Like Pavlov, Watson believed in observing and training physical responses to stimuli without referencing the mind, allowing animal and human behavior to be interpreted similarly (Markey, 1925). Based on the animal experiments of Ivan Pavlov, Watson applied classical conditioning experiments in efforts to study human behavior and create an objective science. Watsons interest in animal learning provided him a tool for controlling behavior, preempting his widely recognized conditioning experiment of Albert B. Cited within psychologys history, Watson demonstrated the impact of classical conditioning to human emotional behavior (Harris, 1979; Watson Rayner, 1920). The goal of conditioning A.B. to fear a white rat by paring it with the presentation of a noise led to the discovery of conditioned emotional responses. Initially, A.B. did not display fear, however once rat and noise were paired and repeatedly presented, fear developed. After several presentations of rat and noise, a new respo nse, crying, was noticed, generalizing his fear response to new stimuli that appeared similar to the rat (Watson Rayner, 1920). Watsons clarification of psychopathology to the detection of conditioned emotional responses is proclaimed as his major contribution to the field of psychology (Rilling, 2000). Literature cites A.Bs conditioning as a model of psychopathology (e.g., specific phobia) and is often implemented within discussion of systematic desensitization as treatment for phobia (Harris, 1979; Eysenck, 1960). Through his theory and research, Watsons behaviorism unquestionably provided major contributions to the field of applied psychology. Behaviorism generated behavior therapy, developing behavior management techniques for children with autism and token economies for the management of severe mental illness (Spiegler Guevremont, 2010). Due to Watsons work, the areas of legal forensic psychology blossomed and continues have utility in courtroom matters (e.g., reliability of eyewitness testimony, fitness to stand trial) (Rilling, 2000). Due to the behaviorists, personality and development were given credit as the result of interaction between genetics and experience, holding true for abnormal and normal development (Roberts, 2012). In conclusion, Psychology is defined as the science of behavior. Supported through the works of John B. Watson, his passion and contribution to the field of psychology, the relevance of behaviorism is a permanent in the field of applied psychology.

Childhood Illnesses Essay

2.1 There are many childhood illnesses listed below are some examples†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Croup – A child can get croup at any time of the year, although it’s more likely to occur during late autumn/ early winter. This may be because there is more are :- a sore throat, runny nose, high temp and a cough. Over a day or 2 specific symptoms of croup will develop these include a bark like cough, a horse or croaky voice, difficulty breathing ( a harsh grating nois;lk.e when they breathe in) and have difficulty swallowing. If a child shows signs of suffering with Croup seek medical advice / visit GP. Measles – The initial symptoms of measles appear around day 10 after you have had the measles infection and last for up to 14 days. The measles rash usually appears within a few days. The initial symptoms are :- cold-like symptoms ( runny nose, watery eyes etc) eyes will be red and light sensitive, a temp peaking at 40.6ËšC/105F for several days ( their temp will then start to fall but will increase again once the rash appears) small greyish-white spots in the mouth and throat, tiredness ,irritability, lack of energy, aches and pains, poor appetite and a red/brown rash. The Measles rash appears 2-4 days after thee initial symptoms and can last for up to 8 days. The rash usually starts behind the ear then spreads to the head, neck and the rest of the body. The spots will usually get bigger and join up together. If you suspect a child has Measles seek medical advise/ visit GP. Mumps – The symptoms of mumps usually develop 14-25 days after the child has become infected. This is known as â€Å" the incubation period†. Swelling of the glands being the most common symptom that a child has Mumps (they are just below each ear). Other symptoms may include headache, joint pain, feeling sick, dry mouth, belly pain, feeling very tired, loss of appetite and a high temp (38ËšC/100.4ËšF) or above. Seek medical advice/ visit GP if you suspect a child has Mumps. Chicken Pox – The most common sign that a child has Chicken pox is a red rash that can cover their entire body. However, ever before the rash appears the child may have shown flu- like symptoms. Soon after an itchy rash will appear. Some children may only get a few spots while other will be completely covered. The spots normally appear in clusters and tend to be behind their ears, on their face, in their scalp, under their arms and behind their knee’s. But the spots can appear anywhere including in their mouth and ears. The rash will start small but will develop quickly within 12-24 hours and the spots will develop into blisters and become increasingly itchy. If you suspect a child has Chicken pox seek medical advice/ visit GP. Whooping Cough – The symptoms of Whooping Cough can take between 6-20 days to develop. Whooping cough tends to develop in stages from mild symptoms at first followed by a period of more severe symptoms before improvement begins. The early symptoms of Whooping cough are often similar to those of the common cold. These early symptoms can last for up to 2 weeks before becoming more severe. The second stage is often characterised by intense bouts of coughing. This is often known as â€Å" the paroxysmal stage† and has the following symptoms :- intense coughing that brings up phlegm, a â€Å"whoop† sound with each intake of breathe after coughing, vomiting after coughing, tiredness and redness after coughing. Each bout of coughing usually lasts between 1-2 minutes, but several bouts may occur in quick session and last several minutes. Young children may also seems to choke or become blue in the face when they have a bout but they should return to normal once its finished. Seek medical advice/ visit GP if you suspect a child has Whooping cough. Rubella – The symptoms of Rubella take 2-3 weeks to develop. During this incubation period the child may have a slightly raised temperature and complain that they are getting a cold. The main Rubella symptoms are the rubella rash this is a distinctive red-pink colour. The rash appears as spots which may slightly itch usually starting behind the ear before spreading around the head and neck area. They may also have swollen lymph modes and a high temp. Ear infection – A pain in the ear is the number 1 symptom of an ear infection. The child may not be able to communicate their pain but they will be pulling at their ear and it will look red in colour. Other symptoms of an ear infection are a child complaining that it hurts to swallow. They may also have difficulty sleeping due to the pain. There may also be an unpleasant smell coming from the ear. They may also appear to be unsteady on their feet due to a lack of balance and have trouble hearing quieter noises ( may request things are turned up) If you suspect a child has an ear infection seek medical help/ visit GP has the child will require anti-biotics. Conjunctivitis – is a infection in the eye. It’s very common in the under 5 year olds. The signs to look out of ( as conjunctivitis is very contagious) are teary, red, itchy, painful eye. The eyelid may become swollen and my be weeping a yellow/green discharge which makes it difficult to open. Have a high temp and be sensitive to light. If you suspect a child is suffering from Conjunctivitis seek medical help/ visit GP has the child will require a course of anti- biotic cream. Impetigo – is one of the most common skin infections among children usually affecting pre-school and school age children. A child is more likely to develop impetigo if they have already been irritated by other skin problems such as eczema, poison ivy, insect bites and cuts/grazes from a recent injury. The symptoms that a child has impetigo are clusters of red bumps/blisters around an area of redness. There may be fluid oozing from the blister or look dry and crusty. The sores usually appear around the mouth and nose, or on skin not covered by clothing. Seek medical help/visit GP if you suspect a child has impetigo has its highly contagious and the child will need a course of anti- biotics.

Apple’s iphone – Not “made in America”

1) What is meant by globalization of human capital? Is this inevitable as firms increase their global operations? Globalization of human capital implies that people are moved out of their native country for employment in various fields. Since there are many companies around the globe and have branches in other countries, qualified people get an opportunity to move out and work. It is inevitable since globalization is established and the companies use the skills, labor, talent and knowledge as a part of globalization of human capital.2) How does this case illustrate the threats and opportunities facing global companies in developing their strategies? The main threat is when president Obama asked Steve job about reduction of job opportunities in United states and giving job in other countries, which made a feel of threat in their own country. And also many suicides at Foxconn lead a negative impression on Apple. The opportunities faced by them are high profit of $ 321 per i phone. It s hows the profit of a global company.3) Comment on Apple executives assertion that the company's only obligation is making the best product possible. â€Å"we do not have have any obligation o solve America's problems† I think it is really harsh to say these words. Everyone should have some obligation towards their country. But this is business and as an executive he is right he should always think about the growth and quality of the product. And should make maximum profit from low cost. So I think he is right.4) Who are the stakeholders in this situation and what, if any, obligations do they have? The main stakeholders are Apple company, Foxconn, and the government. All of these have obligations. Since Apple is a brand company and all expect best from them it is their obligation to be faithful and best quality provider to the consumers and also to the workers who work 24 hours for them. It is same for Foxconn too. They should be concern about the workers they should get the a dequate pay and rest. Also, government  should safe guard the people of each country from any type of pressure.5) How much extra are you prepared to pay for an iphone if assembled in the United states? I think I will not pay even a single penny extra to buy an iphone since they have a profit of $321 now itself. That is too much profit. I recommend they should decrease the rate of the phone. Some other product made in USA is not that expensive so the iphone should also be a little lower than now. After all, it is a phone although it has many application also it is not expensive enough to make it.6) How much extra are you prepared to pay for an iphone if assembled in China but under better conditions and pay? What kind of trade -off would you make? I have the same opinion as I said for United states. Better conditions and pay rights of workers and it does not mean the price should be increased since the already have a good profit. And it is the right thing to provide better conditio ns and better pay. We can also think about globalization of human capital to United states.7) To what extend do you think the negative media coverage has affected Apple's recent decision to ask the FLA to do an assessment and the subsequent decision by Foxconn to raise some salaries? What do you think will happen now?Since everyone knows about the case I think they will be more careful and take a favorable decision so as to protect the workers. It is sure that the negative media coverage has affected Apple's image very badly and so they asked for a FLA assessment. Foxconn on other hand was squeezing the workers to do more work with little pay and the suicide which occurred made made them into trouble and they increased the wages to save their face and I think they have to be very careful in future by providing good environment to work with a descent pay.

Simone de Beauvoir Feminism and Existentialism - 806 Words

Simone de Beauvoir: Feminism and Existentialism Simone de Beauvoir talks about women through the eyes of an existentialist in her book The Second Sex. Specifically, de Beauvoir’s views on how woman is â€Å"man’s dependent† shows the Subject and the Other relationship, a solution she gives to abolishing the oppression of women is that we need to abandon the idea that women are born feminine, second, weaker and not made, and the responsibility that she puts on herself and women for accepting the roles given to them are all very existentialist ideas. Subjectivity as de Beauvoir uses it is created out of defining, or created roles for the people around you; it is a self given power. A man must be the ego, the subject, in order to do this and a†¦show more content†¦The rules of society were invented and they have no actual validity in anyone’s actions; which is an exact influence of existentialism. The fact that we are free to change the world, to change lifestyles, ideas, social norms, is incredibly empowering. The way that this power can be undermined is by women who are, knowingly or unknowingly, not letting go of their roles or from want to be men and try everything in order to be seen as their equals instead of simply being their equals. People need to realize that without women, there would be no men. There is a co-dependency in most life forms including human beings. So the meaning in a free beings life needs to be defined by thatShow MoreRelatedExistentialism : Simone De Beauvoir And Angst994 Words   |  4 PagesJack Curry Mrs. Firmender Great Books Honors 22 September 2015 Simone de Beauvoir and Angst Existentialism is somewhat of an open topic. For some, it is a way of life, and everything they do goes along by the rules of existentialism. Other people know what it is, yet don’t follow by it. And then there are the people who have no idea what it is. Nevertheless, existentialism is by definition â€Å"a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsibleRead MoreThe Second Sex : The Fight Against Women s Oppression2230 Words   |  9 PagesSimone de Beauvoir â€Å"The Second Sex’: The Fight against Women’s Oppression Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir simply referred to as Simone de Beauvoir was a French intellectual, writer, political activist, existentialist philosopher, social theorist and feminist born in 1908. Often subscribed to the schools of Existentialism, French Feminism and Western Marxism, she did not regard herself as a philosopher even though she is heralded for her significant influence of feminist theoryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Second Sex By Simone De Beauvoir1305 Words   |  6 PagesSimone de Beauvoir is one of the leading intellectuals of women in French culture, and is a famous feminist. Her book, The Second Sex, challenged political and existential theories. Her most long-lasting effect is how women understand themselves, their relationships, their place in society, and the construction of gender. In this case, Simone de Beauvoir, Michele Le Doeuff, and Christine Delphy all seem to agree or disagree that the core questions that women must understand is how th ey are definedRead MoreA Concrete Human Existence, And The Conditions Of Such Existence1689 Words   |  7 Pages Literature- Existentialism, though it had been present since the 19th century, came of age in the mid-20th Century. This was largely through the scholarly and fictional works of the French existentialists, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The heavily influenced post WWII movement spurred up a whole new way of thinking. Sartre made the movement popular in that he defined â€Å"Existentialism† and wrote many works solely centered on his views. Simone de Beauvoir- An important existentialistRead MoreSimone De Beauvoir And Patricia Hill Collins Feminist Perspective On Womens Traditional Roles?1433 Words   |  6 Pages Simone De Beauvoir and Patricia Hill Collins Feminist Perspective on Women’s traditional Roles Selene Sandoval Sociology of Theory December 1, 2017 All throughout history women of all race have been portrayed as creatures whose opinions, feelings, and goals never mattered in this androcentric world. Although women have moved up in the equality ladder to some extended, women still have a longs ways to go when it comes down to real equal rights. So what is equal rightRead MoreThe Romantic Era to Present802 Words   |  3 Pagesanywhere else. How ridiculous does that sound? Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir, or better known as Simone de Beauvoir, was a French writer who lived since January 1908 to April 1986. She was well known for being a political activist, a social theorist, and most importantly a feminist. She made a significant huge impact on the feminist theory and feminist existentialism. She was best known for her famous novels, although Beauvoir wrote anything from novels to biographies, and monographsRead More Is The Second Sex Beauvoirs Application of Sartrean Existentialism?3713 Words   |  15 PagesIs The Second Sex Beauvoirs Application of Sartrean Existentialism? ABSTRACT: Simone de Beauvoirs 1949 feminist masterpiece, The Second Sex, has traditionally been read as an application of Sartrean existentialism to the problem of women. Critics have claimed a Sartrean origin for Beauvoirs central theses: that under patriarchy woman is the Other, and that one is not born a woman, but becomes one. An analysis of Beauvoirs recently discovered 1927 diary, written while she was a philosophyRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Other Towards `` The Subject Essay1984 Words   |  8 Pagesthat is not lifted straight from the pages of the history books. With the concept â€Å"the Other† coined by French feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir in her book about existentialism, the Second Sex, I would mainly focus on analyzing Nesbit’s struggle and try to prove she eventually changes her position from an â€Å"Object† to a â€Å"Subject†. Keywords: Ragtime, Feminist existentialism, Evelyn Nesbit I. Introduction Ragtime is a historical fiction written by E. L. Doctorow, and it is featured in the fictionRead MoreNothing New Under The Sun : A Look At Existentialism1604 Words   |  7 PagesJuan Linares Mr. Maust English IV AP 7 December, 2015 Nothing New Under The Sun A Look at Existentialism The purpose of life is to be happy; to seek a microcosm of something, and there find the slot where your piece fits. Once a person has become a part of something, happiness is achieved - and life is fulfilled; the priest finds the parish, the athlete finds the field, and the baker finds the bakery. Happily do they continue on with their lives, and to them, life is fulfilled. A haze of joy andRead MoreThe Earth Charter2229 Words   |  9 Pagesthought. In literary texts as well as in philosophical treatises, Sartre emphasized the vital implications of human subjectivity. Sartres  1946 lecture  LExistentialisme est un humanisme  (Existentialism is a Humanism) offers a convenient summary of his basic views1. The most fundamental doctrine of existentialism is the claim that—for human beings at least—existence precedes essence. As an  atheist, Sartre demands that we completely abandon the traditional notion of human beings as the carefully designed